1. 15 Colonialism and Development Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity 12 th Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Colonialism and Development Colonialism Development The Second World Development Anthropology Strategies for Innovation

3. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Colonialism Colonialism – political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time Imperialism – policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over other nations

4. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Colonialism European colonialism had two broad phases –1492 to 1852 –1850 to just after end of World War II Second period more imperialistic

5. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Imperialism Imperialism almost as old as the state –Colonialism traced back to ancient Phoenicians 3,000 years ago Rebellions and wars aimed at independence for American nations ended 1 st phase of European colonialism

6. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. British empire covered a fifth of world’s land surface and ruled a fourth of its population British Colonialism –Driven by need for economic expansion –Peaked about 1914 First phase of British colonialism concentrated in the New World, West Africa, and India –Closed with the American Revolution

7. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. During the second period of colonialism, Britain eventually controlled most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large portions of eastern and southern Africa British Colonialism –British colonial efforts justified by what Kipling called “white man’s burden” Asserted native peoples not capable of governing themselves

8. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Map of the British Empire in 1914 Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 496

9. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. French colonialism driven by state, church, and military, rather than by business interests French Colonialism –First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused in Canada, the Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and West Africa –Second phase (1870 to World War II) included most of North Africa and Indochina

10. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ideological legitimization for French colonialism was mission civilisatrice (similar to “white man’s burden”) French Colonialism –Spread French culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies –French used two forms of colonial rule Indirect rule – practice of governing through native political structures and leaders Direct rule – practice of imposing new governments upon native populations

11. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Map of the French Empire at Its Height around 1914 Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 8 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 309

12. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Many modern political boundaries in West Africa based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the result of European colonial policies Colonialism and Identity Whole countries, along with social groups and divisions within them, were colonial inventions

13. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Small West African Nations Created by Colonialism

14. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Postcolonial Studies –Settler countries – large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations –Nonsettler postcolonies – large native populations and only a small number of Europeans –Mixed postcolonies – sizable native and European populations Postcolonial – study of interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized

15. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development –British Empire – white man’s burden –French Empire – mission civilisatrice –Economic development plans – industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that will bring long-term benefits to natives Intervention philosophy – ideological justification for outsiders to guide local peoples in specific directions

16. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Neoliberalism –Free trade best way for nation’s economy to develop –No restrictions on manufacturing –No barriers to commerce –No tariffs New form of old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

17. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Neoliberalism Since fall of Communism (1989-1991), revival of economic liberalism –Now called neoliberalism –In exchange for loans, governments of Postsocialist and developing nations must accept neoliberal premise that deregulation leads to economic growth Prevailed in U.S. until President Roosevelt’s New Deal during the 1930s

18. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Second World –Includes former Soviet Union and the socialist and once socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia Second World refers to Warsaw Pact nations

19. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Communism –Small-c communism – social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. –Large C-Communism – political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991 Two meanings of communism

20. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Communism –China –Cuba –Laos –North Korea –Vietnam By the year 2000, only 5 Communist states left, compared with 23 in 1985

21. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Communism –Communist party monopolized power –Relations with party highly centralized and strictly disciplined –Nations had state owners of the means of production –Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to an international movement Many communist states totalitarian and demanded total submission of the individual to the state

22. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Communism –Rise of nationalism in form of ethnic- religious minorities –Corruption –Unemployment and poverty –Difficulties establishing new values, social relations, and groups States that once had planned economies now following neoliberal agenda but face problems

23. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Neoliberal economists assumed dismantling Soviet Union’s planned economy would raise GDP and living standards Postsocialist Transitions –Postsocialist Russia has faced many problems Since fall of Soviet empire in Tajikistan, Islam replacing socialist ideology Yugoslavia breakup more violent and created a series of secessions

24. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Corruption – abuse of public office for private gain – common problem in postsocialist countries Postsocialist Transitions –Alexei Yurcahak describes official-public and personal-public spheres within contemporary Russian state –What is legal (official-public) and what is considered morally correct don’t necessarily correspond

25. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 25 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Postsocialist and developing nations include promotion of civil society – voluntary collective action around shared interests, goals, and values Postsocialist Transitions

26. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 26 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Former Soviet Socialist Republics of Central Asia, including Tajikistan

27. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 27 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Anthropology –Development anthropologists do not just carry out development policies plan by others –They plan and guide policy Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development

28. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 28 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Anthropology Local-level research often reveals inadequacies in the measures that economists use to assess development and a nation’s economic health

29. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 29 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Greening of Java –Emphasis on front capital and advanced technological and chemical farming allowed bureaucratic and economic elites to strengthen their position at expense of poorer farmers –Ann Stoler’s analysis suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender stratification, depending on class Green revolution has increased food supplies and reduced food prices

30. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 30 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Greening of Java –Commonly stated goal of development projects is increased equity, which means reduction in poverty and more even distribution of wealth –Goal frequently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or enhance their positions Equity

31. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 31 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Location of Java (yellow) in Indonesia (orange)

32. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 32 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategies for Innovation Kottak found culturally compatible economic development projects twice as successful financially as incompatible development projects

33. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 33 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategies for Innovation –Be culturally compatible –Respond to locally perceived needs’ –Involve men and women in planning and carrying out changes that affect them –Harness traditional organizations –Be flexible To maximize social and economic benefits, projects must:

34. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 34 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategies for Innovation –Projects that failed were usually economically and culturally incompatible –Project problems have arisen from inadequate attention to, and consequent lack of, fit with local culture Overinnovation – development projects that require too much change

35. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 35 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategies for Innovation –Many development projects incorrectly assume that nuclear family is basic unit of production and land ownership –Many development projects also incorrectly assume cooperatives based on models from former Eastern bloc will be readily incorporated by rural communities Underdifferentiation – tendency to view “less-developed countries” as more alike than they are

36. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 36 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Third World Models –Realistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by preserving local systems while making them work better Best models for economic development found in target communities