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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Welcome Seventeenth Lecture for ITEC 1010 3.0 A Professor G.E. Denzel
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Agenda Continue the discussion of Artificial Intelligence Begin discussion of Project Development and Systems Analysis (today through the SDLC)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 More on Expert Systems Strengths Rapid, consistent problem solutions Ability to justify and explain reasoning Easy to replicate and distribute to non-expert users Limitations Can only solve problems in a narrow domain Can only be applied to certain problem types Cannot learn from its experience Hard to acquire knowledge from human expert
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Other Intelligent Systems Natural Language Processing The ability to communicate with a computer in your natural language Voice (speech) recognition and speech understanding – system recognizes spoken words and understands their meaning Voice synthesis – computer produces natural language voice output that sounds ‘ human ’
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Other Intelligent Systems Neural Computing A computer model that uses architecture that mimics certain brain functions Performs pattern recognition well Can analyse large data sets and discover patterns where rules were previously unknown Can ‘ learn ’ by analysing new cases and updating itself Many potential business applications
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Figure 11.2 Neural Internet-based optical character recognizer.
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 More Neural Nets Discussion of using Neural networks to predict the stockmarket --- why not?
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Other Intelligent Systems Case-Based Reasoning Uses solutions from similar problems and adapts them to new problems Useful in solving very complex cases Fuzzy Logic Enables systems to effectively deal with uncertainty Often use in combination with other technologies to improve productivity
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Rules for a Credit Application ( Could be from neural net or expert system) Mortgage application for a loan for $100,000 to $200,000 If there are no previous credits problems, and If month net income is greater than 4x monthly loan payment, and If down payment is 15% of total value of property, and If net income of borrower is > $25,000, and If employment is > 3 years at same company Then accept the applications Else check other credit rules
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Intelligent Agents Software agent that autonomously performs tasks on behalf of a user with certain goals or objectives Can tirelessly perform repetitive tasks over a network Includes knowledge base and ability to learn Can be static (on the client only) or mobile (move throughout a network) Often used to facilitate search and retrieval on the Internet and to assist in e-commerce tasks
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Examples of Agents in use today Search engines (yahoo, google, alta vista, Ask Jeeves, etc.) Stock trackers http://www.botspot.com http://www.botspot.com
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Virtual Reality Simulation of a physical environment in a highly realistic way Useful for communication and learning Many potential business applications, especially marketing Think of CAE, world leader in flight simulators
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Intelligent Systems Concerns Potential to use the power of intelligent systems in unethical ways Who will be accountable for decisions made by intelligent systems? Who ‘owns’ knowledge and expertise? Can an expert be ‘forced’ to reveal his/her expertise?
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Chapter 14 Preview In this chapter, we will study: Planning process for IS application development The process of developing systems as outlined in the SDLC Alternatives to the SDLC and why they are useful Ways to obtain applications from outside the organization Methods that are useful in developing Internet/intranet applications
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Information Systems Planning Process IS Development Projects Organization Mission Business Assessment Organization Strategic Plan Current Information Technology Architecture IS Strategic Plan New Information Technology Architecture IS Operational Plan
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 IS Strategic Plan Objectives Align with the organization ’ s strategic plan Provide for an IT architecture that enables users, applications, and databases to be seamlessly networked and integrated Allocate IS development resources efficiently among competing projects, so the projects can be completed on time, within budget, and have required functionality Issues - efficiency; effectiveness; competitiveness
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 IS Operational Plan Mission - the mission of the IS function IS environment - the summary of the information needs of the functional areas and of the organization as a whole Objectives - the IS function ’ s current best estimate of its goals Constraints - technological, financial, and personnel limitations on the IS function Long-term systems need - a summary of the processes needed by a company and the IS projects selected to support them and reach organizational goals Short-range plan - an inventory of current projects, and a detailed plan of projects to be developed or continued during the current year
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 SDLC - (Systems Development Life Cycle) the development method used by most organizations today for large, complex systems, in some form. Systems Analysts - IS professionals who specialize in analyzing and designing information systems Programmers - IS professionals who modify existing computer programs or write new computer programs to satisfy user requirements Technical Specialists - experts in a certain type of technology, such as databases or telecommunications, who help create information systems Information Systems Development Terms
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 The Traditional SDLC (1) Systems Investigation (2) Systems Analysis (3) Systems Design (4) Programming (5) Testing (6) Implementation (7) Operation (8) Maintenance Go Back to a previous Stage or Stop An eight-stage systems development life cycle (SDLC)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 System Investigation Feasibility study determines the probability of success of proposed system ’ s development project. Includes … Technical feasibility (will we be able to build the system?) Economic feasibility (how much will it cost to build the system and how much will it benefit us?) Behavioral feasibility (if we build the system, will it be accepted and used?) Phases in SDLC (1)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Systems Analysis Examines the business problem(s) that the organization plans to solve with information systems Determines what the new system must do by examining: Strengths and weaknesses of the existing system Functions that the new systems must have to solve the business problem(s) User information requirements for the new system Phases in SDLC (2)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Systems Design Describes how the system will fulfill the user requirements Develop both logical design and physical design Output => technical design or system specification … system outputs, inputs, and user interfaces hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, and procedures how these components are integrated Phases in SDLC (continued)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Programming the translation of the design specifications into computer code structured programming techniques improve the logical flow of the program by decomposing the computer code into modules Phases in SDLC (continued)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Figure 14.3 Flowchart diagram of a payroll application of structured programming.
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Implementation The process of converting from the old system to the new system Four major conversion strategies Parallel conversion: the old and new systems operate simultaneously for a period of time Direct conversion: the old system is cut off and the new systems is turned on at a certain point in time Pilot conversion: introduces the new system in one part of the organization Phased conversion: introduces components of the new system in stages Phases in SDLC (continued)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Testing Checks to see if the computer code will produce the expected and desired results under certain conditions Phases in SDLC (continued)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Operation the new system will operate for a period of time, until it no longer meets its objectives Maintenance (simultaneous with Operation) debugging the programs updating the system to accommodate changes in business conditions adding new functionality to the system (which loops back to the beginning of the SDLC) SDLC Phases (cont ’ d)
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Prototyping Starts with only a general idea of user requirements, and develops models of the system ‘ until it ’ s right ’ Advantages : Speeds up the development approach Gives the users the opportunity to clarify their information requirements Useful in the development of decision support systems and executive information systems Disadvantages : Replaces the systematic analysis and design stages of the SDLC - quality may be sacrificed Can result in an excess of iterations Alternatives to the SDLC
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Joint Application Design (JAD) A group-based method for collecting user requirements and creating staged designs Advantages : Saves time Greater support for, and acceptance of new systems Produces higher quality systems Easier implementation Lower training costs Disadvantages : Very difficult to get all users to JAD meetings All the problems that may be caused by any group process Alternatives to the SDLC
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Rapid Application Development (RAD) A method that can combine JAD, prototyping, and integrated CASE tools, to rapidly produce a high-quality system Advantages: Active involvement of users in the development process Speeds the development process Reduces development costs Can create applications that are easier to maintain and modify Disadvantages: May result in systems with limited functionality and adaptability for change Alternatives to the SDLC
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Integrated Computer-Assisted Software Engineering (ICASE) Tools Automate many of the tasks in the SDLC Advantages : Produces systems with a longer effective operational life Speeds up the development process and result in systems that are more flexible and adaptable to changing business conditions Results in excellent documentation Disadvantages : More expensive to build and maintain initial system Requires more extensive and accurate definition of user needs and requirements Difficult to customize and may be difficult to use with existing systems Alternatives to the SDLC
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Use of Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools CASE tools automate tasks required in a system development effort and enforces adherence to the SDLC Upper CASE tools Tools that focus on activities associated with the early stages of systems development Lower CASE tools Tools that focus on the later implementation stage of systems development Integrated-CASE (I-CASE) tools Tools that provide links between upper- and lower-CASE packages, allowing lower-CASE packages to generate program code from upper-CASE package generated designs
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Object-Oriented Development A fundamentally different view of computer systems Advantages: Reduces the complexity of systems development and leads to systems that are easier and quicker to build an maintain Improves programmers ’ productivity and quality More flexible Allows systems analysts to think as users do about the system Ideal for developing Web applications Depicts the system in user terms, increasing understanding of what the new system does and how it meets its objectives Alternatives to the SDLC
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Object-Oriented Development Disadvantages Runs more slowly Need to retrain the programmers in OO methodology Alternatives to the SDLC
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Development Outside the IS Department End User Development Users perform ad hoc programming to solve business problems Factors that drive the trends toward increased end-user computing and end-user development More powerful, inexpensive desktop hardware Increasingly diverse software capabilities Increasingly computer literate population Backlog of IS projects Apparent cost savings End-users (usually) don ’ t produce adequate documentation or perform adequate testing Security may be breached
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 External Acquisition of Prewritten Software Factors to consider during make-or-buy decision On-time On-budget Full functionality User acceptance Favorable costs-to-benefits ratio Low maintenance Scalability Integration with other systems Minimal negative cross-impacts Reusability Development Outside the IS Department
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Application Service Providers (ASPs) Software obtained via subscription Software resides on ASP ’ s systems Software is accessed via Web or VPN Subscriber does not have to host software on existing computer systems Updates and bug fixes are provided by the ASP ASP can provide help-desk support Development Outside the IS Department
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Outsourcing Using third parties to provide some or all functions and services of the IT department IT may not be a core competency of the firm; better to hire outside specialists Advantages: Outsourcer can obtain hardware capabilities less expensively due to economies of scale Outsourcer can hire needed technical staff Outsourcer specializes in providing computer services Ability to expense outsourcing fees provides tax benefits Development Outside the IS Department
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Outsourcing (continued) Disadvantages: Economies of scale may be of limited value Staffing depends on outsourcers needs, not client ’ s Lack of familiarity with business/industry Contract problems Internal cost reduction opportunities could eliminate the advantage of outsourcers Guidelines: Write short-period contracts or have flexibility since business needs are dynamic Use of subcontractors should be controlled Use selective outsourcing only for those functions where it makes sense Development Outside the IS Department
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Building Internet & Intranet Applications Much future development will likely be Web pages due to their simplicity and ease of development SDLC probably not followed due to simplified Web development A Strategy for Internet/Intranet Development Identify the objectives for organizational Web site(s) and pages Include infrastructure requirements as well as security and legal issues in plans Obtain/assign necessary personnel and provide oversight Identify and prioritize potential projects
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Faculty of Arts Atkinson College ITEC 1010 A F 2002 Building Internet & Intranet Applications JAVA - A Promising Tool Important programming language for putting extra features into Web pages An object-oriented language designed for implementation on networks Includes numerous security features to prevent downloaded programs from damaging files or creating other problems on the receiving computer
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