2. Endocrine System Comprised of glands and other tissues that produce hormones

3. Endocrine System Hormones –chemicals produced in response to specific stimuli that stimulate reactions in specific body organs and tissues –released directly into the bloodstream, interact with receptors causing the target tissue to perform a specific function

4. Endocrine System Hypothalamus –Regulates and coordinates many endocrine organs by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland –Regulates body temperature, appetite, and thirst

5. Hormones of the Hypothalmus Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): increases water absorption into the blood by the kidneys Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): triggers the release of corticosteroids, which help regulate metabolism and immune response Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which work together to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes

6. Hormones of the Hypothalmus Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormone- inhibiting hormone (GHIH): triggers the release of growth hormone (GH); GHIH has the opposite effect. GH is essential to maintaining a healthy body composition (bone, muscle growth) Oxytocin: aids with: ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles, and lactation Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH): prompts the production of prolactin for milk production. PIH inhibits prolactin Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates release of thyroid hormones - regulate metabolism, energy, and growth and development

7. Endocrine System Pituitary –Anterior pituitary –Posterior pituitary Important roles in regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, and water balance

8. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): FSH works with LH to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes Growth hormone (GH): GH is essential in early years to maintaining a healthy body composition and for growth in children. In adults, it aids healthy bone and muscle mass and affects fat distribution Luteinizing hormone (LH): LH works with FSH to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes Prolactin: Prolactin stimulates breast milk production Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones.

9. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): prompts the kidneys to increase water absorption in the blood Oxytocin: contracting the uterus during childbirth, milk production, trust

10. Endocrine System Thyroid gland –Thyroxine Regulates metabolism, and calcitonin –Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels when high by inhibiting osetoclasts Parathyroid gland –Parathyroid hormone Raises blood calcium levels when low by stimulating osteoclasts

11. Endocrine System Adrenal glands –Located on top of kidneys –Adrenal cortex produces cortisol and sex hormones –The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

12. Endocrine System Pancreas –Produce bicarbonate (buffer) and digestive enzymes –Insulin Keeps glucose concentrations from getting too high –Glucagon Triggers release of glucose when concentrations are low

13. Endocrine System Ovaries –Produce estrogens, progesterone –Prepare the reproductive tract for pregnancy and are also responsible for female sexual behavior and mammary gland development Testes –Produce testosterone and estrogens –Involved in sperm production and maturation as well as the secondary sex characteristics of males