1. 1-1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy Physiology

2. 1-2 Levels of Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organs System Level Organismic Level

3. 1-3 Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Level Cellular level Tissue level

4. 1-4 Levels of Structural Organization Organ level Organ system Organismic level

5. 1-5 Life Processes Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes Responsiveness

6. 1-6 Life Processes Movement at any structural level Growth Differentiation Reproduction

7. 1-7 Homeostasis Maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits

8. 1-8 Homeostasis of Body Fluids Delineation of fluid compartments –intracellular fluid (ICF) = –extracellular fluid (ECF) =

9. 1-9 Control of Homeostasis Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by –external stimuli or –internal stimuli Disruptions are usually mild & temporary If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result

10. 1-10 Neural and Endocrine Controls Process of maintaining a controlled condition

11. 1-11 Components of Feedback Loop Receptor Control center Effector

12. 1-12 Negative & Positive Feedback Loops Negative feedback loop Positive feedback loop

13. 1-13 Homeostasis of Blood Pressure Pressure receptors in walls of certain arteries detect an increase in BP Brain receives input and signals heart and blood vessels Heart rate slows and arterioles dilate BP returns to normal

14. 1-14 Positive Feedback during Childbirth Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to the brain Brain releases hormone into bloodstream Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc. Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch

15. 1-15 Basic Anatomical Terminology Anatomical position Regions of the body Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms

16. 1-16 Anatomical Position Standardized position from which to describe directional terms –standing upright –facing the observer, head level –eyes facing forward –feet flat on the floor –arms at the sides –palms turned forward Prone position = Supine position = anatomical position?

17. 1-17 Common Regional Names Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin root word.

18. 1-18 Sagittal Plane Sagittal plane Midsagittal plane

19. 1-19 Other Planes and Sections Frontal or coronal plane Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane Oblique plane –

20. 1-20 Planes and Sections of the Brain (3-D anatomical relationships revealed) Horizontal Plane Frontal Plane Midsagittal Plane

21. 1-21 Major Directional Terms See Definitions page 14

22. 1-22 Superior or Inferior Superior Inferior

23. 1-23 Dorsal or Posterior Ventral or Anterior Dorsal or Ventral

24. 1-24 Medial or Lateral Medial Lateral

25. 1-25 Proximal or Distal Proximal Distal

26. 1-26 Dorsal Body Cavity Near dorsal surface of body 2 subdivisions –cranial cavity –vertebral or spinal canal Meninges line dorsal body cavity

27. 1-27 Ventral Body Cavity Near ventral surface of body 2 subdivisions –thoracic cavity –abdominopelvic cavity

28. 1-28 Abdominopelvic Cavity Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis

29. 1-29 Thoracic Cavity Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs

30. 1-30 Mediastinum Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

31. 1-31 Serous Membranes Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities not open to the outside –parietal layer –visceral layer Serous fluid reduces friction

32. 1-32 Pleural & Pericardial Cavities Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pleura Parietal pericardium

33. 1-33 Peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum

34. 1-34 Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants Describe locations of organs or source of pain Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through navel

35. 1-35 Medical Imaging Allows visualization of structures without surgery Useful for confirmation of diagnosis Examples of imaging techniques

36. 1-36 Conventional Radiography A single burst of xrays Produces 2-D image on film Poor resolution of soft tissues

37. 1-37 Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Moving x-ray beam Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail –kidney & gallstones Multiple scans used to build 3D views

38. 1-38 Ultrasound (US) High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device Safe, noninvasive & painless Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels

39. 1-39 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Body exposed to high- energy magnetic field Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field Reveals fine detail within soft tissues

40. 1-40 Positron Emission Tomography(PET) Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on monitor