1. Papists in a Protestant World Catholics, 1820-1920

2. A Nation of Immigrants 4.3 million between 1840-1860 (31.5 million total population in 1860) 23 million between 1881 and 1914 (92 million total population in 1910) Catholics, Jews, from Europe; Buddhists from Asia 17% of population were Catholic by 1906.

3. Catholic Immigration French Creole Catholics in 1803 Irish Catholics in 1840s and 1850s. (Settled in Cities) German Catholics after 1848 Revolution (Settled on Farms) Over 2 million Polish Catholics between 1850 and 1924. 1820-1920—over 4 million Italian immigrants, nearly all Catholic, with most coming after 1870. Northern v. Southern Italian Catholicism

4. Catholics in the United States Elizabeth Bayley Seton (1774-1821) Jean Baptiste Lamy (1814-1888) Isaac Hecker (1819-1888) Catholics v. Protestants (Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West [1832]; Burning the Charlestown Ursuline Convent, August 1834) Public v. Parochial schools Americanists v. Traditionalists

5. Isaac Hecker

6. "Leave not one stone upon another of this worst nunnery that prostitutes female virtue and liberty under the garb of holy religion. When Bonaparte opened the nunnerys of Europe, he found crowds of Infant skulls!" "To the Selectmen of Charlestown!! Gentlemen--It is currently reported that a mysterious affair has lately happened at the Nunnery in Charlestown, now it is your duty gentlemen to have this affair investigated immediately, if not the Truckmen of Boston will demolish the Nunnery Thursday night “ Protestant Allegations about the Ursuline Convent

7. Greek Orthodox Alaskan Outpost U. S. purchase of Alaska 90,000 in 1900