1. Water Analysis & Control

2. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 2 Contents 1.Chemical parameters and ranges 2.Water sources: Sampling procedures 3.Laboratory 4.Water sources: Analysis implementation and recording 5.Water treatment: Analysis implementation and recording 6.Water quality control process summary

3. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 3 1. Chemical parameters and ranges

4. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 4 Turbidity: Suspended matter that acts a shield protecting virus and bacteria against their destruction by a disinfectant plus the dirtiness and unpleasant visual and tasting aspects. pH: Measure of water acidity or alkalinity. It has to have certain value to in order to Aluminium Sulphate being effective. Coliforms: Presence of faecal matter that might cause a whole range of diarrheic diseases that can be fatal. Nitrates: They are not toxic but they show the presence of fertilizers and other compounds more dangerous such as nitrites. Nitrites: They are harmful for human health. In high concentrations, they show the presence of industrial contamination an/or domestic waste water. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

5. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 5 Aluminium: It is important to determine that the quantity of Aluminium Sulphate added to a water treatment process is not excessive. Otherwise, high concentrations of this compound might be harmful to humans. Hardness: Hardness is due to Magnesium and Calcium salts. It is no related to health problems although it produces very unpleasant taste when values are higher than those recommended by WHO. Conductivity: It is an indicator of water salinity that must not be higher than certain limits, otherwise it might be harmful to health. Salt water has a conductivity of 45,000 µS/cm and average fresh water conductivity is less than 2.500 µS/cm. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

6. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 6 Turbidity (In the water mains)≤ 5 NTU pH6,5 ≤ ≤ 9,5 Coliforms0 CFU in 100 ml Nitrates ≤ 50 mg/l Nitrites (In the water mains) ≤ 0,5 mg/l Hardness There are not specific values to consider : Soft water ≤ 17 mg/l Hard water ≤ 180 mg/l Very hard water > 180 mg/l Conductivity≤ 2.500 µS/cm (20ºC) Aluminium≤ 0,2 mg/l Free Chlorine≤ 1,0 mg/l RANGES ---------- SPANISH LEGISLATION

7. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 7 Guidelines for Drinking-water quality Nitrates (as NO 3 - ) ≤ 50 mg/l Medium term exposure Nitrites (as NO 2 - ) ≤ 3 mg/l Short term exposure ≤ 0.2 mg/l Medium term exposure Free residual chlorine ≥ 0.5 mg/l For an effective disinfection there must be a residual concentration of free chlorine of ≥0.5 mg/litre after a minimum contact time of 30 min with a pH <8.0 Aluminium≤ 0,2 mg/l RANGES ------- WORLD HELATH ORGANISATION

8. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 8 pH = 6,5 – 9 Cl - (water distribution) ≈ 0,6 -1 ppm (check with local authorities) Conductivity < 2.500 µS/cm (20ºC) Nitrites = 0,5 ppm. (see note) Nitrates = 50 ppm. (see note) Aluminium = 0,2 ppm Bacteriological = 0 cfu (water consumption point) Note: Ensure that the value of 0,10 mg/l for nitrites is met at the outlet of water treatment facilities. Likewise, the condition that [nitrates]/50 + [nitrites]/3 # 1 is observed, where the brackets mean concentrations in mg/l for nitrates (NO - 3 ) and for nitrites (NO - 2 ). RANGES ------- EUROPEAN UNION (Directive 98-83 CE)

9. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 9 Concentration: Concentration: 1 g/m 3 <> 1 mg/l<> 1 ppm 1 g <> 1000 mg 1 m 3 <> 1000 l 1 mg <> 1.000 mg 1 mg/l <> 1000 mg/l Turbidity: Turbidity: NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit ) Coliforms: Coliforms: cfu (colony forming unit) Conductivity: Conductivity: µS/cm UNITS

10. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 10 2. Water sources: Sampling procedures

11. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 11 SAMPLING PROCEDURE The way that sampling is carried out might definitely distort the final results.

12. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 12  Sampling is carried out in representative manner.  Date, time, sampling location are registered (Field log book).  Samples kept in safe and cool place.  Always value how, where and why a water source is selected, ensuring that the water can be treatable and safe for human consumption. SAMPLING PROCEDURE

13. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 13 1.Avoid any direct contact with water If feasible. It might be sufficient to acquire diseases. SAMPLING PROCEDURE

14. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 14 2. Take sample where properties are best describing the source. For instance, we will avoid the vicinities of a sewage discharge pipe. 3. Avoid the surface or the bottom since due to flotation or sedimentation these concentrate materials, chemicals, bacteria… Sample is best taken 30 cm below surface.

15. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 15 5. If sampling piped water, leave running for 1 minute before taking the sample. 6. Do not allow foreign material or waters to touch water collecting vessel. 4. Clean sample collecting vessel with sample water, never with chemical or other water, including tap water. 7. Label results with appropriate information, date, place and any other parameter that may hold importance (Field Log Book)

16. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 16 3. Laboratory

17. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 17 TEST CAPABILITY Turbidity pH Coliforms Nitrates Nitrites Aluminium Chlorine Hardness Conductivity Temperature Jar test Chlorine demand essay LABORATORY

18. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 18 LABORATORY MAINTENANCE IMPORTANT Always handled the equipment with care. It is fragile. Carefully clean and dry all items before introducing them in the laboratory box. Protect the most fragile items with appropriate packaging. Dispose the items in the right place inside the laboratory box. Be organised and methodical when using the items and chemicals, and implementing any test.

19. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 19 4. Water sources: Analysis implementation & recording

20. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 20 OXFAM DELAGUA KIT Coliforms Turbidity pH Chlorine

21. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 21 TURBIDITY

22. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 22 pH

23. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 23 NITRATES

24. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 24 NITRITES

25. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 25 CONDUCTIVITY

26. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 26 Date Source Nº Date Source Nº Date Source Nº Date Source Nº Coliforms (Nº x 100ml) Hardness (mg/l) Conductivity (µS/cm) pHNitrates (mg/l) Nitrites (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES ≤ 180≤ 2.5006,5 ≤ ≤ 9,5≤ 50≤ 0,5

27. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 27 5. Water treatment: Analysis implementation & recording

28. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 28 TURBIDITY

29. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 29 TURBIDITY Dosage pump (%) Turbidity after treatment (NTU) Turbidity after pre-treatment (NTU) Turbidity water source (NTU) Date (Turbidity tests are needed on weekly basis and when visual inspection shows some changes in water qualities) ≤ 5 ≤ 20

30. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 30 ALUMINIUM

31. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 31 COLIFORMS, ALUMINIUM AND HARDNESS (Outlet of water treatment plant) Hardness (mg/l) Aluminum (mg/l) Coeliforms (Nº x 100ml) Date 0 CFU ≤ 0,2

32. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 32 CHLORINE

33. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 33 DATE____________ SITE____________________ RESIDUAL CHLORINE (mg/l) Time Place 3rd chamberDosage pump (%) Outlet of WTP Dosage pump (%) Chlorine at the exit of the settlement tank: 0,1 mg/l – 0.3 mg/l Residual chlorine at the exit of the plant: 0.6 mg/l – 1.0 mg/l 0.1 – 0.3 0.6 – 1.0

34. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 34 WATER DISTRIBUTION. RESIDUAL CHLORINE This table records the residual chlorine data obtained in the different places where the treated water from the SRC site is supplied. Samples should be taken from the taps. It is also convenient to specify where the water is supplied from a static tank or from a tanker directly to the users. The samples can be taken daily or randomly in different days. PlaceDate & Time Chlorine Residual chlorine at the taps: 0.3 mg/l – 0.6 mg/l

35. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 35 6. Water quality control process summary

36. Chlorine = 0.6 mg/l – 1.0 mg/l Aluminium < 0.2 mg/l 6 < pH < 8 Nitrates < 50mg/l Nitrites < 0.5 mg/l Conductivity < 2,000 µS/cm Turbidity = NTU as low as possible WATER ANALYSIS Turbidity > 20 NTU: Aluminium Sulphate (Jar Test) WATER TREATMENT PLANT Turbidity ≤ 20 NTUChlorine = 0.1mg/l – 0.3 mg/l Turbidity ≤ 5 NTU Chlorine = 0.3 mg/l – 0.6mg/l

37. Water analysis & control WATSAN M15 ERU 37 Thank you……….