1. Basic Genetics Łódź November 2008 www.felesgrata.dk

2. Who am I? Ole Amstrup Cattery name: DK Feles Grata Breeding: Oriental shorthair preferably blotched tabby, with silver, in all colours. How long:Since 1983 Home page:www.felesgrata.dkwww.felesgrata.dk

3. Who am I? What have I been doing. – Board member of Danish cat clubs – Board member of Felis Danica – Chairman of Felis Danica – Member of the Danish breeding commission – Member of the FIFe B&R (LO) commission – Lecturing genetics in Denmark and Norway

4. Who am I? Why colour genetics? – Because I once breed budgerigars! – Because I love mathematics!

5. What will happen? I will try to give a short explanation of what we think we know right now! Give you a basic knowledge about genetics (colours and patterns).

6. To see a cat Some see a cat! I see: a female cat genetic black colour not diluted with white it’s a tortie mackerel tabby shorthair

7. To see a cat I see: A -agouti BBblack D -not diluted Mc –mackerel tabby LLshorthair Ssbi-colour x o xtortie

8. To see a cat A cat is ”built” of many different elements – a puzzle which can be joint together in many ways. – colour – sex – pattern – hair lenght – etc.

9. “Colour - genes” B / b / blblack / chocolate / cinnamon D / ddense / dilute W / wdominant white / coloured X / Yfemale / male X o sex linked red placed on X

10. “Pattern - genes” A / aagouti / non agouti Old teori: T a / T / tbTicked/spotted/mackerel/blotched New teori: Mc / mcmackerel / blotched T a / t a Ticked tabby / not ticked tabby S p / s p Spotted / mackerel S / spiebald spotted  no white Wb wb wideband (tipping)  normal ticking

11. “Other genes” C / cb / cs / ca / cself/burmese pointed/himalayan pointed/recessiv white/albino I / isilver / non silver L / lshort hair/ long hair

12. “Other genes II” Dm/dmdilute modifier? Bm/bmblack modifier Wb/wbwide band

13. Genes Colour genes (pattern/hair length etc.) – Each gene controls one feature – Can be dominant, recessive or partly dominant

14. Genes Polygenes – A lot of ”small” genes work together – They work in different ways

15. Chromosomes Genes are placed on the chromosomes There are several thousands genes on every chromosome The colour genes we know control one exact feature. There are three different types of genes controlling one feature: dominant recessive partly dominant

16. Chromosomes 18 pairs with two identical 1 pair is not always identical X Y X X X carries genes. Y carries no genes. You can only deduct that this individual will be a male

17. Chromosomes Division in sperm cells - male chromosomes two different at a male [XY] types of sperm cells.

18. Chromosomes Division in egg cells - female chromosomes two identical at a female [XX] germ cells / eggs.

19. Distribution of X and Y chromosomes When performing a mating, we can look at each gene / feature at the time. In this example we only look at the X & Y genes. In this table we fill in the possible egg and sperm cells. XY X X

20. Distribution of X and Y chromosomes Distribution: male offspring [XY] - 50% female offspring [XX] - 50% XY XXXXY XXXXY

21. Colour genetics We will look at one feature at a time. They can be combined later on.

22. B genes - colour B B - black black i.e. MCO – NFO – SIB – TUV – RUS – KOR - SOK.

23. B genes - colours B > b B - black b - chocolate blackblackchocolate i.e. BRI – PER/EXO – SBI - BUR

24. B – genes - colour B > b > bl B - black b - chocolate bl - cinnamon blackblackblackchoc.choc.cinnamon Category IV – RAG – SNO – ACL – ACS – BRI?

25. B – genes - colours B > bl B - black bl - cinnamon RuddyRuddy Sorrel ABY - SOM

26. B genes – colour distribution Distribution of B genes / B black – b chocolate black X black black (choc.) X black (choc.) 100% black75% black ( 25/50), 25% choc. BB BBB B Bb B Bb b bb

27. B genes – colour distribution Distribution of B genes / B black – b chocolate black (choc.( X choc. choc. X choc. 50% black / 50% choc. 100% choc. Bb bBbbb bBbbb bb b b

28. D - genes - dilution cross section of a normal coloured hair (dense). colour pighment evenly distributed in the hair colour is black, choc., cinnamon

29. D - genes - dilution Diluted hair Colour pigment is mixed with air bubbles The hair looks paler black blue choc. lilac cinnamon fawn

30. D - genes - dilution / BB – Bb - Bb l black black blue full colour intensity/dense diluted [DD] and [Dd] do not change the colour of the hair. [dd] spread out the pigment and the hair will look paler.

31. D - genes - dilution / bb – bb l choc. choc. lilac full colour intensity/densediluted [DD] and [Dd] do not change the colour of the hair. [dd] spread out the pigment and the hair will look paler.

32. D - genes - dilution / b l b l cinnamon cinnamon fawn full colour intensity/densediluted [DD] and [Dd] do not change the colour of the hair. [dd] spread out the pigment and the hair will look paler.

33. ”Mating” black [Bb Dd ] X lilac [bb dd] Distribution of B genes and D genes 50% black / 50% choc. 50% dense/ 50 diluted Bb bBbbb bBbbb Dd dDddd dDddd

34. ”Mating” black [Bb Dd ] X lilac [bb dd] distribution DdBb Ddnblack Bb ddBb ddablue Ddbb Dbbchoc. bb ddbb ddclilac

35. Tabby patterns All cats have a tabby pattern!! But you cannot always see it!! There are various theories about the genes, which decide the tabby patterns. When it can be seen it is a a coloured pattern on an agouti background

36. Tabby patterns Old theory: Three different genes decide the tabby patterns T a - ticked tabby T-mackerel/spotted t b -blotched This theory is more or less outdated, but it works on a daily base. Problem – sometimes ticked, blotched and spotted kittens are born in the same litter - after a mating between a ticked tabby and a blotched !

37. Tabby patterns New theory: Mc/mcA gene controls if it is mackerel or blotched Sp/spA gene controls if the patterns should break up in spots (this is questionable – it might just be polygenetic) T a /t a A gene which causes the ticked tabby pattern – this is partly dominant. I doubt that there is a spotted gene – so I will not talk about this. I do believe that the breaking up in spots is polygenetic and has to be managed via selection.

38. Mc genes Mc / mc controls the basic tabby pattern mackerel/spotted blotched polygenes polygenes polygenes

39. Mc genes Mc / mc control the basic tabby pattern The difference in appearance is polygenetic (in my opinion)

40. Mc genes mc mc

41. A genes – agouti / non agouti AA (Aa) is the original pattern for cats and the tabby pattern can be seen. A causes bands of different colours in the single hairs The hairs will be ticked – provide an agouti base The coloured pattern sits on this agouti base.

42. A genes – agouti / non agouti aa is a mutation. there are only single coloured hairs – no ticked hair / on an agouti base.

43. A genes – agouti / non agouti Ticked hair. Bands of various colours on every hair. The true colour is to be found in the tip of every hair.

44. A genes – agouti / non agouti Non-agouti hair One colour (the tabby pattern should have the same type of hair)

45. A genes – agouti / non agouti AAThe tabby pattern can be seen (agouti) AaThe tabby pattern can be seen (agouti) aaThe tabby pattern can not be seen. The cat is self (non-agouti) Two agouti cats can have self kittens, but two self cat cannot have tabby/agouti kittens!!

46. The red colour The red colour. The red colour is sex linked. The gene is placed on the X chromosome. The result is that only phaeomelanin (the yellow/red colour) is produced No eumelanin is prodcued, which gives the black, chocolate and cinnamon colours.

47. The red colour I have chosen to place the gene as a variation of the normal X gene, as the placement of the red gene is at the X chromosome. X the normal coloured cat X o red Ycarry no genes This way I think it is more clear that the colour is sex linked and the explanation about the outcome as a result of mating red/tortie cat is more clear. This is my way of seeing it – and not all share my opinion on this matter.

48. The red colour X o blocks the normal colours. Only red will be produced. In order to work fully there must be two X o in a female. In the male, who only has one X chromosome, one X o gives a red male

49. The red colour - females Possible combination of the female sex chromosomes. Normal Tortiered

50. The red colour - males Possible combination of the male sex chromosomes. Normal red

51. The red colour The red gene blocks the result of [aa] There is no difference between a red with a genetic black, chocolate or cinnamon background The tabby pattern is always visible in red cats!!! A red self is genetically impossible

52. Red mating Male: red Females: normal - tortie - red females: tortie red or tortie red males: normal normal or red red ½ xoxo y xxoxxoxxy xxoxxox xoxo y xoxo x o x o y xxoxxoxxy xoxo y xoxo x o x o y xoxo x o x o y

53. Red mating Male: Normal Female: normal - tortie - red females: normal normal and tortie tortie male: normal normal and red red ½ xy xxxxy xxxxy xy xoxo x o xx o y xxxxy xy xoxo x o xx o y xoxo x o xx o y

54. C genes – albino serie C genes have 5 levels. Cnormal colour c b burmese point c s himalayan point (siamese, colour point, sc. birma, ragdoll) c a recessive white (blue-eyed albino) cred-eyed albino

55. C genes – albino series Strength between the 5 different genes are: C > c b > c s > c a > c C dominates all others c b onyl partly dominates c s (tonkanese) I will only deal with C or c s.

56. C genes – albino series [c s c s ] causes the pigmentation to be linked to the temperature. The coldest areas will have colour. Colour on legs, tail, ears and face. The warmer areas will be lighter. Eyes will be deep blue. A pointed cat is genetically a cat in whatever colour, which is lighter in the warmest parts of the cat. At birth all kittens are white (no pigmentation)

57. I genes – Silver (inhibitor) [II] & [Ii] cause suppression of the yellow pigment in the individual hairs. and that leaves the lowest part of the hair without pigmentation (but can vary a lot!!) [ii] is the normal coloured cat. (non-silver)

58. I genes – Silver (inhibitor) The I gene ”pushes” the colour up in non agouti hairs. The lower part of the hair is completly white Non agouti and silver = smoke. non-agouti hairsmoke hair.

59. I genes – Silver (inhibitor) In agouti cats, the I gene surpresses the phaomelanin (the yellow/red colour) and the ticked hairs wil be black and white without coloured bands. agouti hairsilver agouti hair

60. I genes – Silver (inhibitor) In agouti cats the I gene inhibits the phaomelanin (the yellow/red colour) and the ticked hair will be black and white without coloured bands. non silver OSH n 22silver OSH ns 22

61. I genes – Silver (inhibitor) Rufism/tanning? – Unwanted colouring - mostly on legs, neck and sides…. – Selection will reduce the problem – Is it connected to the warmth in colour?? – I think I have observed that a deep, warm, intense colour at a non- silver cat leads to a cold, clear, non-rufistic silver ofspring!

62. S - genes Piebald spotted S genes are only partly dominant towards s That means that there is a difference between [SS] or [Ss] S gene causes a small or large distribution of white in the normal colour.

63. S - genes Piebald spotted The variation is very big and it is impossible to predict any outcome of the white pattern !!!

64. S - genes Piebald spotted The amount of white is controlled on the basis of the cell / polygenetic, and it is possible to find cats with the genetic [SS] or [Ss] which have the same amount of white.

65. S - genes Piebald spotted Grades of white ss Ss SS

66. L - genes The L - genes affect the hair length. [LL] and [Ll] is short hair. [ll] is long hair. A short haired cat can carry gene for longhair

67. L - genes Long hair cats

68. L - genes The difference between long hair and semi long hair is not genetic – it is not a result of the L genes. The difference is a result of selection and is polygenetic.

69. T a genes The T a gene cover the ”normal” tabby patern. Is only partly dominant.

70. T a genes T a T a T a t a t a t a Abyssinian ticked – no stripes Ticked tabby – stripes on legs tail and head Normal tabby ticked tabby patern

71. T a genes Homozygot ticked tabby A - McMc T a T a

72. T a genes Heterozygot ticked tabby A - McMc T a t a

73. W – genes – dominant white Dominant white. Removes all pigment from the coat. Cover up ALL other colours/paterns! Eyecolour can be blue, orange/green or one of each (odd eyed).

74. W – genes – dominant white Can cause deafness in white cats. The deafness gene is placed on the same chromosome and will ”follow” the W gene.

75. W – genes Gen-code: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- W-

76. Dilute modifier Not recognized in FIFe! Does it actually exist?? Modifies diluted colours (can only be seen when the cat is homozygot [ d d ]) The EMS code is for registration purposes only in imported cats from other organisations.

77. Dilute modifier 2 x ”caramel” or 1 x lilac?

78. Dilute modifier 2 x ”caramel” or 1 x lilac? lilac silver ticked

79. Dilute modifier B - dd Dm - blue-based caramel b - dd Dm -lilac-based caramel b l b l dd Dm - fawn-based caramel - - dd Dm - x o y/x o x o apricot (+ all torties)

80. Black modifier Amber / light amber A recessive gene – Dm for normal colour – dm for amber Do not work with red (epistatic) Cancels the blocks the work of [ a a ]

81. Black modifier BB Dd Mc- bmbm

82. Pedigrees What do you need to decide the genetic code? – Colour of the cat – Parents colour – Colour of offspring All the rest can only give you an idea! – no precise knowledge.

83. Pedigrees What can we see? – non-agouti – black – tortie – non silver

84. Pedigrees What can we see? – non-agouti – black – tortie – non silver What can we know? – Carry dilution – Is probably Mc – – is [ss] [ww] / [ii]

85. Pedigrees What can we see? – non-agouti – black – tortie – Non silver, mo white/white spots What do we know? – Carry dilution – Is probably Mc – – is [ss]/ [ww] / [ii] Genetic code? [ aa BB Dd ii Mc- ss ww x o x]

86. Pedigrees What can we see?

87. Pedigrees What can we see? – A- – bb – Cc – Dd – Ii – mcmc