1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 2 Basic Chemistry

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry: Essentials for Life  Organic compounds  Contain carbon  Most are covalently bonded  Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)  Inorganic compounds  Lack carbon  Tend to be simpler compounds  Example: H 2 O (water)  Exceptions are C02 and CO

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Water  Most abundant inorganic compound  Makes up about 70% of body  Vital properties  High heat capacity  Polarity/solvent properties  Chemical reactivity  Cushioning

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Vital to many body functions  Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dissociation of a Salt in Water Figure 2.11

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acids  Taste Sour  Release hydrogen ions (H + )  Are proton donors Bases  Taste Sweet  Release hydroxyl ions (OH – )  Are proton acceptors Important Inorganic Compounds Neutralization reaction Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12 pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = neutral  pH below 7 = acidic  pH above 7 = basic  Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars and starches  Primary source of energy

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Classified according to size  Monosaccharides—simple sugars  Glucose, fructose  Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Sucrose, lactose, maltose  Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars  Starch and glycogen

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.13a–b Disaccharides PLAY

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Polysaccharides PLAY Figure 2.13c

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Figure 2.14

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Lipids  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen  Insoluble in water

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Functions of Lipids  Energy  Make up cell membrane  Dissolve fat soluble vitamins  Protects organs  Insulates body and nerves  Regulates many body functions

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids PLAY Lipids  Common lipids in the human body  Neutral fats (triglycerides)  Found in fat deposits  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.15a

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Triglycerides  Saturated  Only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms  Form strait chains  Solid at room temperature  Unsaturated  Contain double bonds between carbon atoms  Form kinked chains  Liquid at room temperature

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.15b

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Trans Fats  Common in margarines and baked products  Oils that have been solidified by adding hydrogen at certain sites of double carbon chains  Increase risk of heart disease even more than saturated fats  Omega 3 Fatty Acids  Found naturally in cold water fish  “heart healthy”

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body (continued)  Phospholipids  Form cell membranes  Steroids  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.15c Lipids  Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Substances  Blood lipoprotein  Cholesterol can only travel in blood after it has attached to a lipoprotein  Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)  “bad” cholesterol that causes arteriosclerosis  High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)  “good” cholesterol

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Substances  Protaglandins  “tissue hormones”  During injury, cyclooxygenase is released  It reacts with prostaglandins to produce swelling, redness and pain  Aspirin blocks enzyme so it can’t react with prostaglandins and cause these symptoms

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Proteins  Made of amino acids  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Figure 2.16

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Account for over half of the body’s organic matter  Provide for construction materials for body tissues  Play a vital role in cell function  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Amino acid structure  Contain an amine group (NH 2 )  Contain an acid group (COOH)  Vary only by R groups

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.17a Proteins  Fibrous proteins  Also known as structural proteins  Appear in body structures  Examples include collagen and keratin  Stable

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.17b Proteins  Globular proteins  Also known as functional proteins  Function as antibodies or enzymes  Can be denatured

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amino Acids and Perms  First solution of a perm breaks down peptide bonds between amino acids and causes them to form in another pattern  Second solution, the neutralizer, causes the bridges to form in a new configuration

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.18a Enzymes  Act as biological catalysts  Increase the rate of chemical reactions

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes Figure 2.18b Chemistry of Life ® Enzymes Animation PLAY

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes- Lock and Key Method Do not get used up in reaction Usually recognized by suffix -ase

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Nucleic Acids  Provide blueprint of life  Nucleotide bases  A = Adenine  G = Guanine  C = Cytosine  T = Thymine  U = Uracil  Make DNA and RNA Figure 2.19a

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Provides instructions for every protein in the body Figure 2.19c

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds DNA  Genetic material in nucleus  Double helix shape  Bases ATCG RNA  Found outside nucleus  Single stranded  Bases AUCG  Carries genetic code from DNA to protein synthesis  3 types, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.20a

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21 + ADP Solute Contracted muscle cell Product made Relaxed muscle cell Reactants Transport work Mechanical work Chemical work Membrane protein Solute transported Energy liberated during oxidation of food fuels used to regenerate ATP ATP P P P X Y (a) (b) (c) YX P P +

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 1 Solute Transport work Membrane protein ATP (a) P

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 2 + ADP Solute Transport work Membrane protein Solute transported ATP P (a) P P

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 3 Relaxed muscle cell Mechanical work ATP (b)

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 4 + ADP Contracted muscle cell Relaxed muscle cell Mechanical work ATP P (b)

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 5 Reactants Chemical work ATP PX Y (c) +

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 6 + ADP Product madeReactants Chemical work ATP P P P X Y (c) YX +

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 7 + ADP Solute Contracted muscle cell Product made Relaxed muscle cell Reactants Transport work Mechanical work Chemical work Membrane protein Solute transported ATP P P P X Y (a) (b) (c) YX P P +

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.21, step 8 + ADP Solute Contracted muscle cell Product made Relaxed muscle cell Reactants Transport work Mechanical work Chemical work Membrane protein Solute transported Energy liberated during oxidation of food fuels used to regenerate ATP ATP P P P X Y (a) (b) (c) YX P P +