1. Protein Synthesis (DNA and RNA)

2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Located in the nucleus Double helix
Twisted ladder

3. DNA Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA in 1953
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded jointly to Crick, Watson and Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".
Francis Crick
James Watson

4. DNA DNA Nucleotide Sugar - Deoxyribose Phosphate Base
Adenine – Thymine
Guanine – Cytosine
Mnemonic devices
A and T spell “AT” or
All Tigers Can Grow

5. DNA Sides of ladder are consisted of sugars and phosphates
Rungs of ladder are consisted of nitrogen bases

7. DNA
Hydrogen bonds – hold bases together

8. DNA Replication
One strand of DNA “unzips” and make two strands of DNA by binding with free nucleotides

9. DNA Replication

10. RNA
Different types are used to translate instructions from DNA into making proteins
Ribonucleic acid
Located in the cytoplasm

11. RNA RNA Nucleotide Mnemonic devices Sugar - Ribose Phosphate Base
Adenine – Uracil
Guanine – Cytosine
Mnemonic devices
All Unicorns Can Grow or
All Unibrows Can Grow U

12. Complementary Base Pairing
DNA
A-T
C-G
Examples of DNA replication:
A-T-C-G-G-C-A-T-C
A-A-C-T-G-G-G-C-G
RNA
A-U
C-G
Examples of transcription:
A-T-C-A-C-A-G-T-A
C-A-G-G-A-C-T-A-G

13. RNA Three types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Half of a ladder
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Hamburger bun shaped
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Attach to mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA

14. Codons
Codon – a sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents the “code” for one amino acid
Amino acid – a building block for proteins

15. Codons Start codon - tells cells to begin making amino acids
AUG
Stop codon – tell cells to cease amino acid production
UAG
UGA
UAA

16. Transcription The first stage in making amino acids
DNA is the blueprint for making amino acids
Transcription occurs in the nucleus

17. Transcription
DNA unzips and free ribonucleotides bind to the DNA strand
The finished product is a mRNA strand
mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

18. Translation The second stage in producing amino acids
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm
A ribosome (or rRNA) attaches to a mRNA and scans the mRNA

19. Translation
One tRNA (or an anticodon) will attach to a codon to produce an amino acid
After an amino acid is formed, the tRNA will detach from the mRNA
Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds
Two or more amino acids form a peptide

21. Progression of a protein
Amino acid – the building blocks of proteins
Peptide – two or more amino acids
Polypeptide – several amino acids
Protein – several polypeptide chains

23. Codons
There are 20 amino acids in the human body and 64 different ways to express them
9 essential amino acids
11 nonessential and conditional amino acids
Essential amino acids – cannot be made by the body; as a result, they must come from food
Nonessential – our bodies produce an amino acid

24. Codons
Codon Wheel

25. Codons
Codon Chart

26. Mutations

27. Gene
Gene – A section of DNA that carries the information on how to make one protein

28. Gene Mutation Gene mutation – A mutation that changes one gene
Also known as a point mutation
Three types of gene mutations
1. Substitution
Missense
Silent
Nonsense
2. Insertion (frameshift)
3. Deletion (frameshift)

29. Gene Mutation
Substitution – a mutation that exchanges one base for another
Original
Substitution

30. Gene Mutation
Missense mutation – a substitution changes the amino acid

31. Gene Mutation
Silent mutation – a substitution does not change the amino acid

32. Gene Mutation
Nonsense mutation – a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop”

33. Gene Mutation Insertion involves adding a base
Deletion involves removing a base

34. Gene Mutation
Frameshift – the reading “frame” changes, altering the amino acid sequence
Found in deletion and insertion mutations

35. Chromosomal Mutation
Chromosomal mutation – The structure or number of chromosomes change
Deletion
The removal of genes
Translocation
The broken part attach to another chromosome
Inversion
The broken part reattach backwards