1. Review Question
One category of organic compounds contains molecules composed of long hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbon chains may be saturated or unsaturated. Which of the following categories of organic compounds contains these molecules?
 A carbohydrates
B lipids
C nucleic acids
D proteins

2. Proteins (Polypeptides) Objective:
B2 - Compare the structures & functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids & their organization into long complex molecules
Contrary to popular belief, proteins are not simply "things" found in meats and cheeses. They are more complex than that. They are a vast group of biomolecules that perform a variety of functions in living organisms. Another misconception is that protein provides energy. This is absolutely false. Protein can help build muscles after a workout, but it does not give you energy!

3. Consist of:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN

4. Building Blocks of Proteins
(monomers)
Amino Acid monomer
Amino Acids
There are 20 of them
Held together by peptide bonds
Proteins range in size from 10 amino acids to 34,350 amino acids!
Protein polymer

5. Protein Functions: Control rate of reactions Regulate cell processes
Form bones & muscles
Part of cell transport
Help fight disease
So when we do eat meat and cheese, yes we are eating protein, but our bodies will first break them down into their individual amino acids and then reassemble those building blocks into proteins our bodies need.

6. Examples of Proteins Structural (collagen, keratin) Hormones (insulin)
Defensive (antibodies)
Transport (hemoglobin)
Receptor (part of cell membrane)
Enzymes
Collagen forms the connective framework of your muscles, bones, tendons, skin and cartilage.
Keratin is the main structural component in hair, nails, teeth and skin.
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia).
Antibodies are formed in the white blood cells and attack bacteria, viruses and other harmful microorganisms, rendering them inactive.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen to body tissues from the lungs.
receptor proteins control the substances that enter and leave the cells

7. Etymology Peptide: (Gk. PEPTEIN, to digest)
Polypeptide: poly- (many) + -peptide (to digest)
Monomer: mono- (one) + -mer (part)
Polymer: poly- (many) + -mer (part)

8. What do enzymes have to do with soft-drinks?
Write what’s in RED & PURPLE

9. Enzymes
Objectives
B4 - Identify & investigate the role of enzymes and summarize the importance of enzymes in living systems
Today we are going to talk about . . .

10. Enzyme Characteristics
proteins that act as biological catalysts
speed up (or catalyze) chemical reactions
lower activation energies
Activation energy
(speed up)
Enzymes are specialized protein molecules facilitating most of the body's metabolic processes - such as, etc. supplying energy, digesting foods, purifying your blood, ridding the body of waste products
They are divided into two main groups - that being metabolic enzymes and digestive enzymes.
They assist in fighting aging, weight loss, lowering cholesterol, cleaning the colon, breaking down fats, strengthening the immune system, improve mental capacity, detoxifying the body, building muscles from protein, eliminating carbon dioxide from the lungs etc.
Food enzymes are divided into seven categories, them being: lipase (breaking down fat), protease (breaking down proteins), cellulase (breaking down fiber), amylase (breaking down starch), lactase (breaking down dairy), sucrase (breaking down sugars) and maltase (breaking down grain).

11. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
(continued)
reversible
are used over and over
(are not changed by the reaction)
most work best at normal pH & body temperature
(reusable)
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Product
Substrate
Enzymes are specialized protein molecules facilitating most of the body's metabolic processes - such as, etc. supplying energy, digesting foods, purifying your blood, ridding the body of waste products
They are divided into two main groups - that being metabolic enzymes and digestive enzymes.
They assist in fighting aging, weight loss, lowering cholesterol, cleaning the colon, breaking down fats, strengthening the immune system, improve mental capacity, detoxifying the body, building muscles from protein, eliminating carbon dioxide from the lungs etc.
Food enzymes are divided into seven categories, them being: lipase (breaking down fat), protease (breaking down proteins), cellulase (breaking down fiber), amylase (breaking down starch), lactase (breaking down dairy), sucrase (breaking down sugars) and maltase (breaking down grain).
Active
Site
Enzyme
(unchanged)
Enzyme S

12. Enzymes
If homeostasis is not maintained, denaturing can occur

13. Enzymes Specific – lock & key hypothesis Usually end in “-ase”
ATP synthase synthesizes ATP
Lactase breaks down lactose
Sucrase breaks down sucrose
Pepsin breaks down protein (exception)
Enzymes are specialized protein molecules facilitating most of the body's metabolic processes - such as, etc. supplying energy, digesting foods, purifying your blood, ridding the body of waste products
They are divided into two main groups - that being metabolic enzymes and digestive enzymes.
They assist in fighting aging, weight loss, lowering cholesterol, cleaning the colon, breaking down fats, strengthening the immune system, improve mental capacity, detoxifying the body, building muscles from protein, eliminating carbon dioxide from the lungs etc.
Food enzymes are divided into seven categories, them being: lipase (breaking down fat), protease (breaking down proteins), cellulase (breaking down fiber), amylase (breaking down starch), lactase (breaking down dairy), sucrase (breaking down sugars) and maltase (breaking down grain).

14. A person that is lactose intolerant lacks the enzyme lactase rendering him unable to digest lactose in milk

15. Lock & Key Model

16. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Substrate - chemical substances acted upon
such as Food & Waste
Active Site - region of an enzyme where the substrate binds prior to the reaction
on the enzyme
Every organ and tissue has its own group of specialized enzymes.

18. Practice Question
Use the diagram of the enzyme to determine which substrate below would be broken down by this particular enzyme.
a. substrate Q
b. substrate R
c. substrate S
d. substrate T

19. Practice Question
Which is the best way to describe the fit between an enzyme and its substrate?
A The fit between them varies with the cell.
B The enzyme fits tightly with the substrate.
C The enzyme loosely fits inside the substrate.
D The substrate loosely fits inside the enzyme.

20. Practice Question
To what macromolecule do enzymes belong?
Protein

21. Practice Question Which organic molecule is part of an enzyme?
A fatty acid
B nucleotide
C amino acid
D monosaccharide

22. Amylase & Glucoamylase
Starch
Amylase & Glucoamylase
Glucose isomerase
Enzymes That Make Soft Drinks Sweet
Enzymes are used commercially in the making of soft drinks. Glucose, the most widely available sugar, is not sweet enough to satisfy most human taste buds. Fructose, a different arrangement of the same atoms found in glucose, tastes twice as sweet as glucose. Until scientists found ways to obtain enzymes from bacteria, there was no economical way to make large quantities of fructose from glucose. Today enzymes are used to break down inexpensive cornstarch into glucose and to change glucose to fructose.
Sucrose is obtained from sugar beets and sugar cane (these are imported to the US). Using enzymes to make fructose from corn starch is less expensive than importing sucrose.
Each year the US soft-drink industry saves over $1 billion by using sweeteners made from domestic corn rather than importing sugar.

23. Now…for the soda…
If an enzyme is breaking down a carbohydrate, what would the products be after the reaction?
Simple sugars /
Monosaccharides