1. Proteins, nucleic acids, and wrap up
Macromolecules Part 2
Proteins, nucleic acids, and wrap up

2. Bonding in macromolecules
Monomers becoming polymers are synthesis reactions. (something bigger is being made, or synthesized) These reactions are often called dehydration synthesis, because at the site of the bond, one water molecule is released. This can also be called condensation synthesis.
When polymers are broken down, energy is released from the breaking of bonds. These are called decomposition reactions.

3. NOW ONTO PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steroid hormones
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

4. MORE ON PROTEINS…
The following slides give you a little more in depth info on things that are made of proteins…

5. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

6. Well, maybe not exactly…

7. Hair, Skin, and Nails

8. Microscope View of Skin and Nails
This is skin
This is a nail

9. PROTEINS In plant foods- in the cell membranes and seeds
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell membranes and seeds
In animal products- in the cell membranes and in the muscles of living things- cows, chicken, fish…

10. Proteins

11. Proteins
Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

12. PROTEINS
MADE UP OF...
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…
AMINO ACID

13. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string
Amino Acid chain
All wound up

14. Each protein is made up of…
PROTEINS
AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL
Each protein is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur
THINK: “CHONS”

15. Proteins Monomers-Amino acids
Amino acid group + Acid group + Variable group
Functional group = group of atoms that give a molecule some properties
Polymers: polypeptide chains
Bonds called peptide bonds

16. Protein structure Proteins have four levels of organization/structure:
Primary is just the amino acid chain
Secondary is the folding or spiraling that occurs when molecules form H bonds
Tertiary involves a lot more bonding and folding
Quaternary is more than one chain combining to make a larger protein

17. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

18. Enzyme Action Enzymes have a specific shape
Each enzyme catalyzes only one reaction
In each reaction, we have reactants and products. When we talk about enzyme catalyzed reactions, the reactants are often called substrate
Enzymes have an active site where the substrate fits (like a hand in a glove)

19. Another view (enzymes)
Enzyme activity depends on the SHAPE of the active site.
Like all proteins, enzymes can be denatured (shape change) by changes in temperature or pH.)
So, when an enzyme is denatured, it no longer functions. (reactions slow way down!)
Remember, an enzyme is NOT USED UP (at all!) in a reaction.

20. Enzymes and Activation Energy
It takes energy to make reactions happen. This is called activation energy.
An enzyme drastically lowers the activation energy needed in order to have a reaction proceed.
So, enzymes drastically speed up the rate of reactions

21. Function: genetic material (RNA and DNA)
Nucleic acids
Function: genetic material (RNA and DNA)
The genetic code in your DNA determines how proteins are made (what amino acid sequence is used)
The nucleic acids in food are not considered a substance that the body uses to gain energy.

22. Nucleic Acid structure
Monomers are called nucleotides.
They consist of a sugar + a phosphate + a base
Polymers are DNA and RNA strands

23. ATP!
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the molecule that cells break down to release energy.
Its structure looks a lot like a nucleic acid nucleotide, BUT it has three phosphate groups instead of one. Energy is stored in those phosphate bonds, and released for use when ATP becomes ADP (one bond broken)