1. Past, Present and Future of Genetic Cloning By Elizabeth Hernandez

2. What is a Clone?What is a Clone? n An organism that has the same gentic information as another organism or organisms

3. What is Genetic Cloning? n Cloning is the artificial production of organisms with the same genetic material. n Scientist definition of genetic cloning -

4. Why is it becoming such an issue?

5. Past of Cloning- time line?? n first organisms to be cloned using nuclear transfer were frogs. (They have large egg cells and scientist can obtain up t0 2000 of them in 1 ovulation).

6. Common Reasons for Cloning (benefits?) n Common Reasons People Support Cloning –Support of Scientific Research –Recovery of lost loved ones –Infertility: cloning a fertile copy of themselves –Creation of spare body parts (Organs, blood, kidney’s, etc.) –Reproduction of their own body parts –Eugenics*: making a superhuman race

7. Eugenics n Is the choosing of sepcific traits and the deleting of others. n Scientist could eliminate all the disease- causing genes and guarentee a healthy baby. n But is that ethical?

8. Three Ways to Clone Mammals: n Twinning (spitting off a cell from an embryo) n The Roslin Technique (which was used to create Dolly) n The Honolulu Technique

9. Twinning (19XX) by... n Once an egg has been fertilized by sperm- it soon starts to divide. n If it divides into an 8 cell embryo and those 8 cells are separated, those cells can be implanted into the uteri of 8 separate mothers. n 8 clones will be born from 8 different mothers.

10. The Roslin Technique (also known as nuclear transfer) n Current technique used in the cloning of adult animals. n Nuclear transfer requires 2 cells- a doner cell and an oocyte, or egg cell.

11. The Roslin Technique n steps

12. The Honolulu Technique

13. n steps

14. Current Research...

15. Cloning & Diseases…

16. Cloning & Transplants… n Body parts/Organs

17. Genetic Modification of Livestock n

18. Future of Cloning… n Transgenic animals n Xenotranplantation- transplanting organs from one species to another

19. Conservation of Rare Breeds n resurrecting a Mammoth?

20. Why Clone Human Embryos ? n help improve the life of future generations n be able to determine the causing of spontaneous abortions (if contraceptive specialist can determine how an embryo knows where to transplant itself, then maybe they can develop a contraceptive that would prevent embryos from implanting in the uterus). n Cancer- may be able to determine how to stop cancer growth n Using embryonic stem cells could be used in treatments for brain and nervous system development. n Genetic screening- used to determine of their child has received a defective gene(Parents who have a history of genetically inherited disease, such as cystic fibrosis can use embryo screening to determine if their child had received a defective gene. If embryo does not contain defective gene, then the use it for implantation). n Spare parts- …...

21. Advantages-Benefits of Cloning n Gene positional cloning- the goal of this procedure is to identify human disease genes and then clone then for further study. Huntington’s Disease was found this way! n Agriculture- farmers and rancher can have their strongest crops and animals, so that they are less likely to contract diseases. n Transplant patients- have been able to insert portions of human DNA into several species, such as pigs and cow. Pig heart are often used as transplants to replace human hearts. Donor pigs with human DNA could provide even stronger hearts.

22. Disadvantages of Cloning

23. Cloning Ethics n

24. Should Cloning be banned? n Several anti-cloning bills n Probably not!!

25. Political Issues- Bills that have been passed! n Cloning Prohibition Act of 1997-

26. Some Cloning Links

27. Questions??? Questions???