1. Culture Chapter 3

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-2 What Is Culture? Material Culture e.g., jewellery, art, buildings, weapons, and machines Nonmaterial Culture e.g., language, values, and gestures

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-3 Culture and Take-for- Granted Orientations to Life Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-4 Components of Symbolic Culture Symbol Gestures Cultural and national differences

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-5 Gestures to Indicate Height, Southern Mexico

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-6 Components of Symbolic Culture Language Allows human experience to be cumulative Provides a social and shared past and future Allows for complex, shared, and goal- directed behaviour The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Language determines our consciousness, rather than the other way around

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-7 Values, Norms, & Sanctions Values Ideas about what is desirable in life Norms Expectations, or rules of behaviour that develop out of group’s values

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-8 Values, Norms, & Sanctions Sanctions Reactions to the ways in which people follow norms Positive Sanctions Negative Sanctions

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-9 Folkways & Mores Folkways Norms that are not strictly enforced Mores (more-rays) Norms that we consider essential to our core values Taboo A norm so strongly engrained that the thought of violating it causes revulsion

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-10 Parenting, Sex, and Teens (Quebec vs. Rest of Canada)

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-11 Subcultures and Countercultures Subcultures A world within the larger world of the dominant culture Countercultures A group whose values and norms place them in opposition to mainstream culture

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-12 Values in Canadian Society Pluralism/Pluralistic Society Native Peoples in Canada Value Contradictions and Social Change

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-13 Values in Canadian Society Value Clusters: Sets of Values Emerging Value Clusters in North America Leisure Self-fulfillment Fitness Youth Concern for the environment When Values Clash Americanization of Canadian Values?

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-14 Values Ideal Culture A group’s ideal values and norms A group’s goals as they define them Real Culture The values and norms that the group actually follows

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-15 Cultural Universals Are there any cultural values (or other traits) that are found everywhere? Yes. There are universal human activities (storytelling, marriage, disposing of the dead) No. There are no universal ways of doing these activities.

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-16 Animals & Culture Do animals have culture? Do they learn, and then pass on culture to others? Do they use tools? Modified objects for specific purposes Do animals have language?

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-17 Technology in the Global Village New technology Technology establishes the framework for nonmaterial culture Technological determinism Harold Innis Marshall McLuhan

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-18 Cultural Lag & Cultural Change Nonmaterial culture and material culture Keeping pace? e.g., Education and Economy

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. 3-19 Technology & Cultural Levelling Cultural Diffusion Cultural Levelling