1. States of Consciousness Unit 5

2. Consciousness Awareness of yourself and your environment

3. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: The Stages of Sleep Unit 5: States of Consciousness

4. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface Electrodes placed on the scalp measure the waves

5. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Electrodes are placed on the person’s scalp to measure the waves Used as a means to measure the stages of sleep

6. EEG

7. Stage 1 Sleep Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

8. Stage 1

9. Stages of Sleep

10. Stage 1

11. Stage 2 Sleep Brain wave cycle slows. First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

12. Stage 2

13. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep Slow wave sleep First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

14. Stage 3

15. Stage 4

16. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep Unit 5: States of Consciousness

17. Non-REM Sleep Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non- REM sleep)

18. REM Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth Vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep Considered “paradoxical sleep” Term coined by William Dement

19. REM Sleep

20. Paradoxical Sleep During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake Pulse and breathing quickens. REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

21. Typical Night’s Sleep

22. Stage 4/REM Changes

23. Sleep Changes through Life

24. Body Rhythms Unit 5: States of Consciousness

25. Biological Rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations Can affect physiological functioning Fall into three main categories –Circadian Rhythms –Ultradian Rhythms –Infradian Rhythms

26. Circadian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur approximately every 24 hours Example: Sleep-wake cycle Also known as “biological clock”

27. Circadian Rhythm Light Sensitive Proteins Activated Triggers the SNC In the hypothalamus Hypothalamus tells pineal glad to stop producing melatonin At night the pineal gland begin producing melatonin again The SNC(suprachiasmatic nucleus) is located in the Hypothalamus.

28. Ultradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

29. Infradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season Example: Women’s menstrual cycle

30. Sleep and Sleep Deficit Unit 5: States of Consciousness

31. Sleep Deprivation Effects Decreases efficiency of immune system Increased stress hormone cortisol Increased appetite hormone Ghrelin and decreased partner leptin Safety and accident issues Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, etc. Memory loss Take sleep depravation test

32. Sleep Deprivation

33. Why We Sleep Unit 5: States of Consciousness

34. Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brain Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment Changes levels of hormones in the body

35. Melatonin Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms Linked to the sleep-wake cycle Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light –Problems with melatonin levels can cause insomnia

36. Reasons for Sleep Two primary reasons: –Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night –Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

37. Other Reasons It helps to rebuild and create memories Sleep feed creativity Plays a role in the growth process –The pituitary gland becomes active in releasing the growth hormone

38. What do we dream Most frequent dreams are of: –Failing to do something –Being attacked –Being pursued –Being rejected –Experiencing misfortune

39. What do we dream Manifest Content: The remembered part of our dream developed by Sigmund Freud Environmental stimuli like a ringing phone can be incorporated into our manifest content

40. Group Work Get into groups and identify the many theories about the function of dreams –Who came up with the theories? –Are the theories similar in any way? –How do they differ?

41. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream? Unit 5: States of Consciousness

42. Information-Processing Theory Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

43. Physiological Function Theory Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

44. Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

45. Cognitive Development Theory Dreams part of the maturation process Dreams reflect our knowledge Reflection of normal cognitive development

46. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems Unit 5: States of Consciousness

47. Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

48. Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. Tend to be loud snorers Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

49. Narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks Person may lapse directly into REM sleep Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

50. Somnambulism Formal name for sleepwalking Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep Person can walk or talk and is able to see Rarely has any memory of the event

51. Night Terrors Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified Unlike nightmares Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly children The children seldom remember the event.

52. Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep –Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus