1. Climate Change Mitigation through Forestry: Approaches, Methods and Issues Doris Capistrano Ford Foundation 24 Sept 2002

2. Human scales and ecological scales: Interactions generally occur at the local scale.

3. Climate Change Mitigation through Forestry zCarbon conservation through reduction of deforestation, sustainable forest management zCarbon sequestration through reforestation, plantations, agro and urban forestry zCarbon offsets through fossil fuel substitution, increased energy efficiency, recycling forest products

4. Climate mitigation activities, mitigation potential, benefits and impacts Activities, practices Carbon sequestration Bio-diversity Socio management or emission reduction conservation economic systems potential benefits Carbon conservation Deforestation reduction+++ +++ ++ through policy changes Formation of protected areas+++ +++ ++ Sustainable Forest Mgt+++ ++ +++ Fire protection techniques++ ++ + Reduced impact logging++ ++ +++ + Low positive impact ++ Medium Positive Impact +++ High Positive Impact Source: Ravindranath and Sathaye (2002)

5. Climate mitigation activities, mitigation potential, benefits and impacts Activities, practices Carbon sequestration Bio-diversity Socio management or emission reduction conservation economic systems potential benefits Carbon sequestration Afforestation ++ ++ ++ Reforestation +++ ++ ++ Industrial Plantations ++ +++ +++ Agroforestry ++ ++ +++ Urban forestry ++ ++ +++ Source: Ravindranath and Sathaye (2002)

6. Mitigation options and mitigation potential (t C/ha) in India estimated using COMAP Model Mitigation optionsMitigation potential Natural regeneration62.0 Enhanced natural regeneration*87.5 Agro-forestry25.4 Community Woodlot75.8 Softwood Forestry80.1 Timber Forestry 120.6 Natural regeneration is increasing the biomass density to that of closed forests on partially degraded open forest areas; assisted or enhanced natural regeneration involves planting trees and/soil and water conservation to facilitate natural regeneration. Source: Ravindranath and Sathaye (2002)

7. Considerations for Mitigation through Forestry zForestry as part of larger socio-ecological landscapes zCost effectiveness, transactions costs, incentive compatibility and practicality zRecognition of diversity of systems of knowledge zDistribution of benefits and burden, including intergenerational equity (ethics of discounting)

8. India’s Carbon Balance in 1986 zIndia’s gross emissions from deforestation until 1986 estimated at 64 x 10 (6) tC zBut no net emissions since equivalent carbon sequestered through: xNatural regeneration xForest succession and xPlantations Source: D.N. Pandey (2002)

9. India’s Current Carbon Balance zRate of deforestation now below the rate of afforestation zRecent assessments by Forest Survey of India show a net increase in forest cover zSignificant share of the improvement due to forest protection by communities

12. Issues zIncentives for long term carbon sequestration (tenure security, ancestral domain rights) zManaging landscapes, not just forests (people as intrinsic part of landscape maintenance) zFrom participation to leadership (implications for capacity building) zReaching scale for effective forest management and renegotiation of share from resulting benefits

13. Human scales and ecological scales: Interactions generally occur at the local scale.