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Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” 1871 - 1894
Chapter 23 Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,”
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Growth of Industrial Prosperity: New Products & New Markets
Substitution of steel for iron Electricity Thomas Edison ( ) and Joseph Swan – light bulb Alexander Graham Bell ( ) – telephone, 1876 Guglielmo Marconi ( ) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901 Transformation of factories Internal combustion engine Automobile and airplane Henry Ford ( ) – mass production Zeppelin airship, 1900 Wright brothers, 1903 New markets Increased wages Competition Cartels Precision tools
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New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
Depression, Economic boom after 1895 La belle époque German Industrial Leadership Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe New areas of manufacturing Europe’s two economic zones Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
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The Industrial Regions of Europe by 1914
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
“Right to work” Ideal of domesticity Sweatshops White-Collar Jobs Increased white-collar jobs creates shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for women Secretaries and teachers Freedom from domestic patterns
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Organizing the Working Class
Socialist Parties German Social Democratic Party (SPD) Effects of the growth of socialist partied Second International Two divisive issues: Nationalism and revisionism Parties varied from country from country Eduard Bernstein ( ) Evolutionary Socialism Formation of labor unions
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Emergence of a Mass Society
Population Growth Decline in the death rate Medical discoveries and environmental conditions Improved publication sanitation Improved nutrition Increased emigration
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Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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Transformation of the Urban Environment
Growth of cities / Urbanization Urban Reformers Edwin Chadwick, Rudolf Virchow Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease Buildings begin to be inspected for problems Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain Clean water into the city Expulsion of sewage Housing Needs Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living conditions to political and moral health of the nation V. A. Huber, German reformer Redesigning the cities; British Act of 1890 Construct new buildings Liberal principles of government don’t hold true
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The Social Structure of the Mass Society
The Elite 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy Common bonds The Middle Classes Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Middle class values came to dominate The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population Agriculture Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers
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The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women
Many women still aspired to the ideal of femininity Marriage the only honorable and available career Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control The Middle-class and Working-class Families Domesticity Leisure time and holiday traditions Daughters of working class families worked until married 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages Limit size of the family Reduced work week
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Education in the Mass Society
After 1850, secondary education expanded Mass education in state-run systems States began to offer public education States assumed the responsibility for teacher training Liberal beliefs about education Personal and social development Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate Differences in education of boys and girls Demand for teachers Increased literacy Growth of newspapers
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Mass Leisure Amusement parks Music and dance halls
Thomas Cook ( ) Pioneer of mass tourism Sports Became organized with rules Professional sports
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Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
Reform in Britain: William Gladstone Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911 More people could run for office Reform in France Universal male suffrage in 1871 Radical republicans formed an independent government The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government Louis Michel (1830 – 1905) France will establish a Third Republic, 1875 Italy Had pretensions of great power status Sectional differences in Italy Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control
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Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
Germany Trappings of parliamentary government 1871 constitution Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition Bismarck’s conservatism Kulturkampf Social Democratic Party, Social welfare programs Austria-Hungary Austrian constitution of 1867 Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage, 1907 Russia Alexander III, : Overturns reform and returns to repressive measures Nicholas II, : Believed in absolute rule
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Discussion Questions What were the major changes of the second industrial revolution on the lives of people? What were the changes in urban sanitation and health? What were the changes in education and leisure? Why is the “old order” so persistent in Central and Eastern Europe?
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Web Links Economic History of Germany Economic History of Japan
Evolutionary Socialism Public Health Act of 1875 Bicameral legislature Nicholas II
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