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Protein Synthesis Making Proteins
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Lesson 1 DNA
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Do Now BrainPop Video: DNA
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Bodies Cells DNA Bodies are made up of cells
All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA 4
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DNA Cells Bodies How does DNA code for cells & bodies?
how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA 5
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DNA Proteins Cells Bodies
DNA has the information to build proteins genes proteins cells DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work bodies 6
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How do proteins do all the work
proteins run living organisms enzymes control all chemical reactions in living organisms structure all living organisms are built out of proteins 7
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Cell organization DNA DNA is in the nucleus
genes = instructions for making proteins want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault” cytoplasm nucleus 8
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Cell organization Proteins chains of amino acids
made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm protein factory = ribosome cytoplasm nucleus build proteins ribosome 9
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In class assignment Multiple Choice worksheet
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Homework Vocab and DNA worksheets
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Lesson 2 PASSING ON DNA
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Do Now BrainPop video: RNA Multiple choice worksheet
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Passing on DNA information
Need to get DNA gene information from nucleus to cytoplasm need a copy of DNA messenger RNA cytoplasm nucleus build proteins mRNA ribosome 14
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From nucleus to cytoplasm
transcription DNA mRNA protein translation trait nucleus cytoplasm 15
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DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases double stranded
G, C, A, T T : A C : G double stranded RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases G, C, A, U U : A C : G single stranded 16
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Transcription Making mRNA from DNA
DNA strand is the template (pattern) match bases U : A G : C Enzyme RNA polymerase 17
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T 18
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double stranded DNA unzips T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T 19
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Match RNA bases to DNA bases on one of the DNA strands U G A G U G U C U G C A A C U A A G C RNA polymerase U A G A C C T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T 20
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
U instead of T is matched to A TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA ribosome U C A G 21
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In class assignment Protein Synthesis1
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Homework Protein Synthesis Practice 2
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Lesson 3 MRNA CODES
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Do Now RNA Vocab worksheet
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How does mRNA code for proteins
mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA How? mRNA U C A G aa 26
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How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA ribosome AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA ? Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala protein aa How can you code for 20 amino acids with only 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)? 27
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mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA ribosome AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA ? Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala protein Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases 28
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The mRNA code For ALL life! Code has duplicates Start codon
strongest support for a common origin for all life Code has duplicates several codons for each amino acid mutation insurance! Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory. Start codon AUG methionine Stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG 29
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How are the codons matched to amino acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA codon UAC Met GCA Arg tRNA CAU Val anti-codon amino acid Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases 30
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mRNA to protein = Translation
The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosome mRNA U C A G aa tRNA G U aa tRNA U A C aa tRNA G A C tRNA aa A G U 31
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From gene to protein DNA mRNA protein trait tRNA transcription
aa transcription translation DNA mRNA protein ribosome U C A G tRNA aa trait nucleus cytoplasm 32
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cytoplasm protein transcription translation nucleus trait 33
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From gene to protein protein transcription translation 34
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In class assignment Protein Synthesis 3
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Homework Vocabulary worksheet
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Lesson 4 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS LAB
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MUTATIONS AND GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Lesson 5 MUTATIONS AND GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
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Do Now
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Mutations Changes to DNA
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Mutations Changes to DNA are called mutations change the DNA
changes the mRNA may change protein may change trait DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACG mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGC aa protein trait
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Does this change the sentence?
Point Mutations One base change can change the meaning of the whole protein THEFATCATANDTHEREDRATRAN Does this change the sentence? A LITTLE! THEFATCARANDTHEREDRATRAN OR THEFATCATENDTHEREDRATRAN 42
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Does this change the protein?
Frameshift Mutations Addition = add one or more bases AUGCGUGUAUACGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop Does this change the protein? A LOT! AUGCGUGUAUACGUCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrValMetArgValA 43
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Does this change the protein?
Frameshift Mutations Deletion = lose one or more bases AUGCGUGUAUACGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop Does this change the protein? A LOT! AUGCGUGUAUACGAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAspAlaSerGA 44
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Biotechnology Gel Electrophoresis
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Many uses of restriction enzymes…
Now that we can cut DNA with restriction enzymes… we can cut up DNA from different people… or different organisms… and compare it why? forensics medical diagnostics paternity evolutionary relationships and more… 46
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Comparing cut up DNA How do we compare DNA fragments?
separate fragments by size How do we separate DNA fragments? run it through a gelatin gel electrophoresis How does a gel work? 47
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“swimming through Jello”
Gel electrophoresis A method of separating DNA in a gelatin-like material using an electrical field DNA is negatively charged when it’s in an electrical field it moves toward the positive side DNA – + “swimming through Jello” 48
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“swimming through Jello”
Gel electrophoresis DNA moves in an electrical field… so how does that help you compare DNA fragments? size of DNA fragment affects how far it travels small pieces travel farther large pieces travel slower & lag behind DNA – + “swimming through Jello” 49
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DNA & restriction enzyme
Gel Electrophoresis DNA & restriction enzyme - wells longer fragments power source gel shorter fragments + completed gel 50
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fragments of DNA separate out based on size
Running a gel fragments of DNA separate out based on size cut DNA with restriction enzymes 1 2 3 Stain DNA ethidium bromide binds to DNA fluoresces under UV light 51
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Uses: Evolutionary relationships
Comparing DNA samples from different organisms to measure evolutionary relationships turtle snake rat squirrel fruitfly – 1 3 2 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 DNA + 52
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Uses: Medical diagnostic
Comparing normal allele to disease allele chromosome with normal allele 1 chromosome with disease-causing allele 2 allele 1 allele 2 – DNA Example: test for Huntington’s disease + 53
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Uses: Forensics Comparing DNA sample from crime scene with suspects & victim suspects crime scene sample S1 S2 S3 V – DNA + 54
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DNA fingerprints Comparing blood samples on defendant’s clothing to determine if it belongs to victim DNA fingerprinting 55
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RFLP / electrophoresis use in forensics
1st case successfully using DNA evidence 1987 rape case convicting Tommie Lee Andrews “standard” semen sample from rapist blood sample from suspect “standard” How can you compare DNA from blood & from semen? RBC? “standard” semen sample from rapist blood sample from suspect “standard” 56
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Electrophoresis use in forensics
Evidence from murder trial Do you think suspect is guilty? blood sample 1 from crime scene blood sample 2 from crime scene blood sample 3 from crime scene “standard” blood sample from suspect OJ Simpson blood sample from victim 1 N Brown blood sample from victim 2 R Goldman “standard” 57
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Uses: Paternity Who’s the father? – Mom F1 F2 child DNA + 58
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Homework Regents Review: Protein Synthesis
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Biodiversity Lab
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Lesson 6 GENETIC ENGINEERING
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Do Now T Chart
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We have been manipulating DNA for generations!
Artificial breeding creating new breeds of animals & new crop plants to improve our food 63
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Animal breeding 64
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Breeding food plants “Descendants” of the wild mustard
the “Cabbage family” 65
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Evolution of modern corn (right) from ancestral teosinte (left).
Breeding food plants Evolution of modern corn (right) from ancestral teosinte (left). 66
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human genome 3.2 billion bases
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATCACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACTCGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYCGTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTACTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT human genome 3.2 billion bases
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Can we mix genes from one creature to another?
YES! 68
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Mixing genes for medicine…
Allowing organisms to produce new proteins bacteria producing human insulin bacteria producing human growth hormone 69
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How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering find gene
cut DNA in both organisms paste gene from one creature into other creature’s DNA insert new chromosome into organism organism copies new gene as if it were its own organism reads gene as if it were its own organism produces NEW protein: Remember: we all use the same genetic code! 70
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Cutting DNA DNA “scissors” GTAACG|AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA|GTGCGAA
enzymes that cut DNA restriction enzymes used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI cut DNA at specific sites enzymes look for specific base sequences GTAACG|AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA|GTGCGAA GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA 71
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restriction enzyme cut site restriction enzyme cut site
Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites restriction enzyme cut site GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA restriction enzyme cut site GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA 72
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Uses of genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms (GMO) enabling plants to produce new proteins Protect crops from insects: BT corn corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn) Extend growing season: fishberries strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder Improve quality of food: golden rice rice producing vitamin A improves nutritional value For example, a transgenic rice plant has been developed that produces yellow grains containing beta-carotene. Humans use beta-carotene to make vitamin A. Currently, 70% of children under the age of 5 in Southeast Asia are deficient in vitamin A, leading to vision impairment and increased disease rates. 73
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Bacteria Bacteria are great! one-celled organisms reproduce by mitosis
easy to grow, fast to grow generation every ~20 minutes 74
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Bacterial DNA Single circular chromosome Other DNA = plasmids!
only one copy = haploid no nucleus Other DNA = plasmids! bacteria chromosome plasmids 75
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There’s more… Plasmids small extra circles of DNA
carry extra genes that bacteria can use can be swapped between bacteria bacterial sex!! rapid evolution = antibiotic resistance can be picked up from environment Mini-chromosomes 76
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How can plasmids help us?
A way to get genes into bacteria easily insert new gene into plasmid insert plasmid into bacteria = vector bacteria now expresses new gene bacteria make new protein transformed bacteria gene from other organism recombinant plasmid vector plasmid cut DNA + glue DNA 77
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Grow bacteria…make more
transformed bacteria gene from other organism + recombinant plasmid vector plasmid grow bacteria harvest (purify) protein 78
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Applications of biotechnology
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Homework Genetics Review
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