1. Albinism

3. Genetic Engineering Altering the DNA of a cell or organism

4. G.E. Techniques

5. DNA Extraction How do you get DNA out of a cell to work with? Cells cut open with enzymes DNA filtered out

6. Multiplying DNA PCR = process for multiplying DNA DNA + Enzymes + Nucleotides mixed in test tube Placed in “PCR machine” to regulate temp.

7. PCR

8. Kary Mullis – Invented PCR Won Nobel Prize in 1993

9. Cutting DNA DNA molecules too large to work with Can be cut up using Restriction Enzymes - They cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

10. Restriction Enzymes

11. DNA Analysis Gel electrophoresis – separates DNA fragments for analysis

12. Gel Electrophoresis Think jell-o

13. Gel Electrophoresis Gel is sponge-like DNA neg. charged

14. Gel Electrophoresis DNA has a (-) charge, moves to (+) end of gel Small pieces move in gel farther than large  DNA separated by size and charge

15. *Bands on gel are DNA - + Ethidium bromide

16. Genetic Engineering Uses

17. Gel Elec. and Paternity Testing If people related, DNA is similar REs will cut a similar pattern, can be analyzed on gel

18. Cloning Ian Wilmut - cloned Dolly the sheep Nucleus from 1 sheep put into egg of another Embryo inserted into foster mother to develop

19. Plasmids Plasmids – circular DNA molecule, found in bacteria

20. Plasmids Plasmid cut open with REs Gene of interest inserted into plasmid Recombinant DNA – DNA from 2 organisms combined

21. Plasmids Next, plasmid placed into bacteria cell Protein synthesis of gene carried out What could be a use of this technique? Ex. Diabetes

22. Diabetics unable to produce insulin Insulin gene inserted into plasmid and bacteria produce it for them

23. Firefly Luciferase