1. ECE 448: Spring 11 Lab 3 Part 2 Finite State Machines

2. Introduction: What’s new with version 3a? Part 1: Finite State Machines Part 2: Debouncing Circuit (FSM Style) Part 3: Digital Clock Managers Part 4: User Constraints File Part 5: Introduction to FPGA Design Flow based on Xilinx ISE Agenda for today

3. Introduction Purpose – To learn about Finite State Machines and Clock Management. FSM – One of the single, most important lessons to be learned this year. FSMs can be found in the following: – Everything! DCM – The other, most important lesson to be learned this year. DCMs (and the related clock buffers) are very important for creating, cleaning, and distributing clocks. UCF – How the circuit interfaces with the outside world. Also very important.

4. Part 1 Finite State Machines

5. Two types – Moore Machine – The state machine outputs are a function of only the current state – Mealy Machine – The state machine outputs are a function of the current state and the current inputs Every design can be described in either a Moore machine or a Mealy machine. Different designs can be used depending on speed, size, and routing requirements.

6. Moore FSM - Example 1 Moore FSM that Recognizes Sequence “10” S0 / 0S1 / 0S2 / 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 reset

7. Moore FSM in VHDL (1) TYPE state IS (S0, S1, S2); SIGNAL Moore_state: state; begin U_Moore: PROCESS (clock, reset) BEGIN IF reset = ‘1’ THEN Moore_state <= S0; ELSIF rising_edge(clock) THEN CASE Moore_state IS WHEN S0 => IF input = ‘1’ THEN Moore_state <= S1; ELSE Moore_state <= S0; END IF; WHEN S1 => IF input = ‘0’ THEN Moore_state <= S2; ELSE Moore_state <= S1; END IF; WHEN S2 => IF input = ‘0’ THEN Moore_state <= S0; ELSE Moore_state <= S1; END IF; END CASE; END IF; END PROCESS; Output <= ‘1’ WHEN Moore_state = S2 ELSE ‘0’;

8. Mealy FSM - Example 1 Mealy FSM that Recognizes Sequence “10” S0S1 0 / 0 1 / 0 0 / 1 reset

9. Mealy FSM in VHDL (1) TYPE state IS (S0, S1); SIGNAL Mealy_state: state; begin U_Mealy: PROCESS(clock, reset) BEGIN IF reset = ‘1’ THEN Mealy_state <= S0; ELSIF rising_edge(clock) THEN CASE Mealy_state IS WHEN S0 => IF input = ‘1’ THEN Mealy_state <= S1; ELSE Mealy_state <= S0; END IF; WHEN S1 => IF input = ‘0’ THEN Mealy_state <= S0; ELSE Mealy_state <= S1; END IF; END CASE; END IF; END PROCESS; Output <= ‘1’ WHEN (Mealy_state = S1 AND input = ‘0’) ELSE ‘0’;

10. Part 2 Debouncing Circuit

11. Debounce Capacitance in the button and contacts “bouncing” causes spurs that cause false positives. A debouncing circuit removes these spurs.

12. Debounce When the first change is detected, we ignore all subsequent changes for some period of time, preferably until all of the bouncing would have occurred. This is usually on the order of ms.

13. Debounce Debouncer reset input clk output

14. Debounce S0 output=0 c_rst=1 S2 output=1 c_rst=1 S3 output=0 c_rst=0 S1 output=1 c_rst=0 input==1 input==0 count==DD-1 reset==1 count is the state of the n-bit counter. c_rst is the reset to this counter. DD is the maximum number of clock cycles required for bouncing to stop. All resets are synchronous.

15. Part 3 Clock Management

16. Clock sources are generated off of the FPGA Clock source needs to enter the FPGA Clock needs to be “de-jittered” – Clock naturally has non-constant duty cycle and period Clock needs to reach the rest of the chip

17. Clock Management Ideal clock is 1 frequency. Clock jitter is many frequencies around desired frequency. We can see the jitter in the yellow clock. Blue clock is de-jittered.

18. Clock Management Clock Enters FPGA and enters IBUFG Output of BUFG goes to the rest of the FPGA Invert of LOCKED signal is reset for all circuits on domain To simulate, include the following lines in the library section – Library UNISIM; – use UNISIM.vcomponents.all; Reset can be ORed with other resets (as from buttons) DCM Primitive IBUFG BUFG clk_50 locked clk_ibufgclk0 reset clkin clkfb clk0 reset button(2)

19. Clock Management DCM also changes clock frequency CLK2X doubles frequency CLKDV and CLKFX change the frequency based on the generics (see instantiation) DCM_SP

20. Clock Management generic map ( CLKDV_DIVIDE => 2.0, -- Divide by: 1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5 -- 7.0,7.5,8.0,9.0,10.0,11.0,12.0,13.0,14.0,15.0 or 16.0 CLKFX_DIVIDE => 1, -- Can be any integer from 1 to 32 CLKFX_MULTIPLY => 4, -- Can be any integer from 1 to 32 CLKIN_DIVIDE_BY_2 => FALSE, -- TRUE/FALSE to enable CLKIN divide by two feature CLKIN_PERIOD => 0.0, -- Specify period of input clock CLKOUT_PHASE_SHIFT => "NONE", -- Specify phase shift of NONE, FIXED or VARIABLE CLK_FEEDBACK => "1X", -- Specify clock feedback of NONE, 1X or 2X DESKEW_ADJUST => "SYSTEM_SYNCHRONOUS", -- SOURCE_SYNCHRONOUS, SYSTEM_SYNCHRONOUS or -- an integer from 0 to 15 DFS_FREQUENCY_MODE => "LOW", -- HIGH or LOW frequency mode for frequency synthesis DLL_FREQUENCY_MODE => "LOW", -- HIGH or LOW frequency mode for DLL DUTY_CYCLE_CORRECTION => TRUE, -- Duty cycle correction, TRUE or FALSE FACTORY_JF => X"C080", -- FACTORY JF Values PHASE_SHIFT => 0, -- Amount of fixed phase shift from -255 to 255 STARTUP_WAIT => FALSE) -- Delay configuration DONE until DCM LOCK, TRUE/FALSE

21. Clock Management port map ( CLK0 => CLK0, -- 0 degree DCM CLK ouptput CLK180 => CLK180, -- 180 degree DCM CLK output CLK270 => CLK270, -- 270 degree DCM CLK output CLK2X => CLK2X, -- 2X DCM CLK output CLK2X180 => CLK2X180, -- 2X, 180 degree DCM CLK out CLK90 => CLK90, -- 90 degree DCM CLK output CLKDV => CLKDV, -- Divided DCM CLK out (CLKDV_DIVIDE) CLKFX => CLKFX, -- DCM CLK synthesis out (M/D) CLKFX180 => CLKFX180, -- 180 degree CLK synthesis out LOCKED => LOCKED, -- DCM LOCK status output PSDONE => PSDONE, -- Dynamic phase adjust done output STATUS => STATUS, -- 8-bit DCM status bits output CLKFB => CLKFB, -- DCM clock feedback CLKIN => CLKIN, -- Clock input (from IBUFG, BUFG or DCM) PSCLK => PSCLK, -- Dynamic phase adjust clock input PSEN => PSEN, -- Dynamic phase adjust enable input PSINCDEC => PSINCDEC, -- Dynamic phase adjust increment/decrement RST => RST); -- DCM asynchronous reset input

22. Clock Management IBUFG_inst : IBUFG generic map ( IOSTANDARD => "DEFAULT") port map ( O => O, I => I); Dedicated clock route for reaching a DCM and the rest of the chip Should be used for all clock ports BUFG_inst : BUFG port map ( O => O, I => I); Dedicated clock route for reaching the rest of the chip at the same time Should be used for all generated clocks – Output from DCM – Output from clock divider circuits

23. Part 4 User Constraint File (UCF)

24. File contains various constraints for Xilinx – Clock Periods – Clock Boundary Crossings (hard to do! That’s why we use a CoreGen’ed FIFO) – Circuit Locations – Pin Locations Every pin in the top unit needs to have a pin in the UCF

25. Basys 2 I/O Circuits

26. User Constraint File (UCF) Top Level Unit (VHDL) entity top_level is port( -- LEDs led : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); -- Seven Segment Display seg : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); an : out std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); -- Rotary button and switches sw : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); btn : in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0)); end entity top_level; UCF # Pin assignment for LEDs NET “led " LOC = "G1" ; # Bank = 3, Signal name = LD7 NET “led " LOC = "P4" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD6 NET “led " LOC = "N4" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD5 NET “led " LOC = "N5" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD4 NET “led " LOC = "P6" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD3 NET “led " LOC = "P7" ; # Bank = 3, Signal name = LD2 NET “led " LOC = "M11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD1 NET “led " LOC = "M5" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD0 # Connected to Basys2 onBoard 7seg display NET "seg " LOC = "L14"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CA NET "seg " LOC = "H12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CB NET "seg " LOC = "N14"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CC NET "seg " LOC = "N11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = CD NET "seg " LOC = "P12"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = CE NET "seg " LOC = "L13"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CF NET "seg " LOC = "M12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CG NET “seg " LOC = "N13"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = DP NET "an " LOC = "K14"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN3 NET "an " LOC = "M13"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN2 NET "an " LOC = "J12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN1 NET "an " LOC = "F12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN0 # Pin assignment for SWs NET "sw " LOC = "N3"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = SW7 NET "sw " LOC = "E2"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW6 NET "sw " LOC = "F3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW5 NET "sw " LOC = "G3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW4 NET "sw " LOC = "B4"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW3 NET "sw " LOC = "K3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW2 NET "sw " LOC = "L3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW1 NET "sw " LOC = "P11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = SW0 # Pin assignments for the Buttons NET "btn " LOC = "A7"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = BTN3 NET "btn " LOC = "M4"; # Bank = 0, Signal name = BTN2 NET "btn " LOC = "C11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = BTN1 NET "btn " LOC = "G12"; # Bank = 0, Signal name = BTN0

27. Part 5 Introduction to FPGA Design Flow based on Xilinx ISE