1. Federal Agricultural Research Centre Chapter 10XX: PM Emissions from Arable Agriculture 1 Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Institute for Technology and Biosystems Engineering, Braunschweig, Germany 2 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands Federal Agricultural Research Centre Torsten Hinz 1 and Klaas van der Hoek 2 UNECE Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections, Agriculture and Nature Panel

2. Federal Agricultural Research Centre Draft review (Segovia 2005) Only few but critical comments Leading co-author found, Klaas van der Hoek Agreement on the chapter’s content in Vienna 2006 (IIASA) Problems to find reliable data for EF Main sources are combine harvester and tractors with machinery during soil cultivation Agriculture and Nature Panel

3. Federal Agricultural Research Centre Measuring Dust Emission of a Self Propelled Combine Harvester

4. Federal Agricultural Research Centre h = 2 m c mg/m 3 area [10 4 m 2 ] balance volume V = 2 ·10 4 m 3 EF 10 = c · V · n (n = annual repetitions) EF 10 for Soil Cultivation: Layer Model

5. Federal Agricultural Research Centre balancing area wind speed EF 10 = c · A · w · t EF 10 for Soil Cultivation: Plume Model

6. Federal Agricultural Research Centre Some emission data, but how much PM 10 will actually leave the agricultural field? Kg PM 10 per ha arable land IIASA IR 02-0760.1 UK ASAE 02-42170.5 California Air Resources Boardsoil cultivation7 Idemwheat combining5.8 German researchsoil cultivation1.1 Idemharvest operations5.2 NLharvest operations0.2

7. Federal Agricultural Research Centre EPA formula for emissions from agricultural crop tilling E = c * k * s 0.6 * p * a E = PM emissions in pounds/year C = 4.8 lbs/acre tilling K = 0.21 for PM 10 and K = 0.042 for PM 2.5 S = mass fraction < 0.75 um in soil layer 0-10 cm P = nummer of tillings/passes in a year A = acres of land tilled for each crop type 1 lbs/acre = 1 kg/hectare