1. CHATELAIN Charly Oral Presentation For B2 Level

2. Presentation Outline The development of LEON1, LEON2 & LEON3 LEON3 and GRLIB overview Fault Injection 11/18/20152 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

3. What is LEON ? LEON is a 32-bit SPARC processor, implemented as a synthesisable VHDL model. LEON was primarily developed for critical space applications, funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) The LEON VHDL model was released in open-source to improve test coverage and adoption of SPARC ISA Three processor versions have so far been developed: LEON1, LEON2 and LEON3. Today, the LEON3 processor is part of a larger IP core library called GRLIB, making up a versatile SOC platform for both FPGA and ASIC. 18/11/20153 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

4. LEON1 Demonstrator First LEON design 5-stage pipeline 2 x 4 Kbyte caches Meiko FPU Custom on-chip bus PROM/SRAM control. Full FT logic 30 mm2, 100 Kgates 50 MHz, 0.5 W 18/11/20154 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

5. LEON2 – first flight part LEON1FT 5-stage pipeline with HW MUL/DIV Multi-way caches with LRU On-chip AMBA bus for modularity 32-bit PC133 SDRAM controller with EDAC 32-bit full PCI interface with DMA On-chip debug support unit (DSU) Maintained FT logic Targeted for 100 MHz on 0.18 um processes 120% performance improvement over LEON1 18/11/20155 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

6. LEON2 block diagram and layout 18/11/20156 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

7. GRLIB LEON2 was designed for a single function (processor), but was increasingly being used as SOC platform. A more efficient SOC platform was needed to minimize design work. Design goals for GRLIB IP library Portability CAD tool independence Coherent IP interfaces Uniform method for HW & SW debug Rich functionality Processor with MP support 18/11/20157 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

8. GRLIB Open-Source Cores LEON3 32-bit SPARC V8 Processor AMBA AHB Controller/Arbiter & AHB/APB Bridge PROM, SRAM, SDRAM, DDR controllers 10/100 Mbit Ethernet MAC 32-bit PCI Bridge with optional DMA and FIFO CAN-2.0 with FIFO UART, Timers, Interrupt controller, GPIO, CLK/RST gen. JTAG/TAP controllers SVGA frame buffer IDE interface for disks and CF 18/11/20158 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

9. GRLIB Commercial Cores Fully pipelined IEEE-754 FPU (singe/double) Low-area single-issue IEEE-754 FPU (singe/double) AHB/AHB bridge with prefetch and FIFO USB-2.0 device controller with DMA 1G Ethernet MAC with UDP/TCP off-loading Fault-Tolerant LEON3FT for Military and Space app. Memory controllers with ECC (BCH & Reed-Solomon) MIL-STD-1553 BC/RT/BM interfaces with DMA Space wire 200 Mbit/s serial link with DMA Only commercially available (free netlists for evaluation) 18/11/20159 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

10. LEON3/GRLIB 18/11/201510 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

11. LEON3 SPARC V8 Processor 7-stage pipeline, multi-processor support Separate multi-way caches with LRU/LRR/RND Highly configurable: Way size 1-256 Kbyte, 1-4 ways, LRU/LRR/Random Hardware MUL/DIV/MAC options, FPU, MMU, Co-Proc. Pipeline optimization for specific target technologies On-chip debug support unit with trace buffer 250/400 MHz on 0.18/0.13 um, 250/400 MIPS, 25 Kgates 125 MHz on Virtex2pro FPGA, 3500 LUT Fault-tolerance by design for space applications 18/11/201511 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

12. What is Fault Injection ? The technique of fault injection dates back to the 1970s When it was first used to induce faults at a hardware level This type of fault injection is called Hardware Implemented Fault Injection (HWIFI) and attempts to simulate hardware failures within a system. The first experiments in hardware fault injection involved nothing more than shorting connections on circuit boards and observing the effect on the system (bridging faults). It was used primarily as a test of the dependability of the hardware system. Later specialised hardware was developed to extend this technique, such as devices to bombard specific areas of a circuit board with heavy radiation. It was soon found that faults could be induced by software techniques and that aspects of this technique could be useful for assessing software systems 18/11/201512 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

13. What is SER ? Soft error rate (SER) is the rate at which a device or system encounters or is predicted to encounter soft errors. It is typically expressed as either number of failures- in-time (FIT), or mean-time-between-failures (MTBF). The unit adopted for quantifying failures in time is called FIT, equivalent to 1 error per billion hours of device operation. MTBF is usually given in years of device operation. 18/11/201513 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

14. What is SET ? A Single Event Transient (SET) occurs when an ionizing particle hits a sensitive knot of combinatory logic A SET does not always procreate an error. 18/11/201514 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

15. What is SEU ? A Single Event Upset (SEU) occurs when an ionizing particle hits a sensitive knot of a cell memory and entrained the swing of the memorized logical value Elements sensitive to SEU are all elements volatile memories of a system: Flip-flops Latches registers RAM (SRAM, DRAM). Two main types of faults : stuck-at faults asynchronous bit-flips 18/11/201515 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

16. LEON1FT Radiation test board Radiation test board Dual LEON1FT in master/checker m. SEU proof with FT 18/11/201516 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

17. LEON2FT Radiation test board Atmel LEON2-FT, AT697 ASIC Compact PCI Board 18/11/201517 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

18. LEON3FT Radiation test board LEON3-FT-RTAX 11/18/201518 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

19. Conclusion Fault injection allows to make out a will simulating circuit of disabled entries or stressful environment. They can so change circuit to make it more robust in stressful environment. The processor LEON FT are very practical to make this. Other processor exists on the market : UltraSPARC T1 Processor of Sun Microsystems 18/11/201519 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English

20. Thank you very much for you attention 18/11/201520 CHATELAIN Charly – Master 2 ISTRe English