2. Aristotle said rhetoric is useful because “things that are true and things that are just have a natural tendency to prevail over their opposite.” But Cicero said, “If truth were self- evident, eloquence would not be necessary.”

3. “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.” The situation / the moment that persuasion is necessary. The Audience The speaker / writer How to convince someone of a point based on the “given case.”

4. What Rhetoric involves:  Reading beyond the meaning to analyze rhetor’s decisions to accomplish a purpose for an audience  Art of analyzing all language choices in any given situation, so text has meaning, purpose, and effect beyond the surface-level understanding.  Consideration of not just the message, but the entire CONTEXT surrounding that message.

5. Exigence: What causes the author to write this? What concern does the author have? Purpose: What does the author want his audience to do? What is the intended EFFECT of communication?

6. Exigence = Purpose The situation that inspires writing is not the same as the point the writer tries to get across. ( (

7. Rhetorical Triangle

8. The one who is doing the communicating. Also known as the WRITER. *We must consider their personal perspective on the situation, their experience, and their motivation for communicating.

9. The intended receiver(s) of the message being communicated. *We must consider their personal perspective on the situation, their experience, and their relationship to the speaker.

10. The topic of concern being addressed by the writer. *We must consider how this topic relates to both the writer and the audience.

11. What do I want? What do I know about my audience? What can I say that will get my audience to act how I want? A writer’s thoughts

12. Ethos Logos Pathos Often happen simultaneously APPEALS

13. Ethos Logos Pathos We must consider how the speaker is using each appeal, and WHY.

14. I need to get into the bathroom so I can make myself look beautiful. My date is coming in 20 minutes, so I’ve got to hurry. Oh, no! My sister is in the bathroom! EXIGENCY Audience SPEAKER

15. Logos Faith, it’s my turn. My date starts in 20 minutes. I let you go in when it was your turn last time.

16. C’mon Faith. I’m your older brother! Ethos

17. I’m going to be late! Pathos My life never goes the way I want it to. You’re a jerk!