1. “Killing you softly” Indoor air pollution: is cooking the cause? University of California, Irvine School of Social Ecology Rafael Rodriguez-Leal, Undergraduate Research Symposium May 13 2006

2. The site: Comachuen

3. Michoacán

4. The Question Since most families cook different items with fire stoves, we analyzed the contribution of each meal, within the 95 percentile of peaks of PM and CO. We undertook this task by examining what items were cooked, and their contribution to pollutant concentrations, at the time they were cooked.

5. Food Types

6. The population under study consumes a diversity of food types. The diet of the participants Consists of mainly beans, eggs, meat, and tortillas.

7. Instruments

8. Definition of Terms PM: Particulate Matter CO: Carbon Monoxide Fdtype: Type of ingredient cooked 95 Percentile: The 5th % of the highest pollutant concentrations

10. Hypothesis H0: There won’t be a relationship between food items being cooked and pollutant levels regardless of fdtype H1: There will be a relationship between food items being cooked and pollutant levels, and they will vary according to fdtype

12. Methods Our sample consisted of 53 households Continuous measurements of CO and PM levels were taken over 48 hr. periods A database in Excel was created incorporating the measurements of both pollutants by minute. A database in Access was created to match cooked fdtypes to the highest pollutant peaks.

13. Methods The means of each fdtype were calculated when fdtype matched the 95 percentile in the peak considered The means of each fdtype matching the 95 percentile for all homes were calculated

14. Methods CO was measured in ppm PM was measured in mg/m^3

15. Tortillas

16. Graph fdtype 6=meat, matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17

17. Graph fdtype 7=fish, matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17

18. Graph fdtype 8=milk, matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17

19. Graph fdtype 10=eggs, matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17

20. Graph fdtype 2=tortilla, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 24

21. Graph fdtype 2=tortilla, matching 95 percentile CO peak meal 2

22. Graph fdtype 4=beans, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 64

23. Graph fdtype 6=meat, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 91

24. Graph fdtype 6=meat, matching 95 percentile CO peak meal 2

25. Graph fdtype 10=eggs, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 64

26. The Mean of all Homes FdtypeNo Homes All Homes AVG PMNo Homes All Homes AVG CO Tortillas133.991046.61 Eggs33.66145.38 Beans35.09354.28 Meat46449.24

27. Mean all Homes PM vs fdtype match

28. Mean all Homes CO vs fdtype match

29. Statistics H1Claim: For the population of homes using fire-stoves, the mean PM levels in 3 fdtype are given by µ≥2. Furthermore, for the population of homes using fire stoves, the mean CO levels in 3 fdtype is given by µ≥ 30. H0: PM µ<2 and CO µ<30

30. Statistics P-value method for testing hypotheses with a significance level of α=0.1

31. IngPM mean CO mean PM P-test CO P-test Outcome tortilla 3.9946.61.0256<.05 p<α.0030<.05 p<α Significant beans 5.0954.28.004<.05 p< α.0022<.05 p< α Significant meat 6.0049.24.0122<.05 p< α.0071<.05 p< α Significant IngPM σ CO σ --- tortilla 4.9529.61 --- beans 5.7141.63 --- meat 8.7637.74 ---

32. Graph Milk for children Tortilla’s making breakfast meal Tortilla´s making

34. Conclusions The present study considers that there is a significant contribution to indoor air pollution levels, caused by the cooking of different fdtypes There is variation in the concentrations of pollutants emitted, depending on the fdtype being cooked

35. Further Research Needed To examine the possibility of a diet modification in the population studied. Search to what extent the fdtypes that are cooked most of the time, contribute more or less to pollutant concentrations, vs. the fdtypes that aren’t cooked most of the time.

36. Acknowledgements Ph.D. candidate Michael A. Johnson Professor & Adviser Ph.D. Rufus Edwards Social Ecology Honors Seminar: Professor & Chair Ph.D. Valerie Jenness Air Pollution Lab Team: Nick Lam, and Erin Milner

37. CONTACT INFO Rafael Rodriguez-Leal Torres Undergraduate Environmental Analysis & Design University of California, at Irvine Social Ecology rafaelsr@uci.edu mobile: 949 551 6484

38. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME YOU HAVE BEEN A TERRIFIC CROUD YOU HAVE BEEN A TERRIFIC CROUD YOUR PATIENCE IS APPRECIATED YOUR PATIENCE IS APPRECIATED GOOD LUCK AT THE SYMPOSIUM!!!! GOOD LUCK AT THE SYMPOSIUM!!!! APL ROCKS!!!!! APL ROCKS!!!!!