1. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Development Over the Life Span

2. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Human development Developmental psychologists Study physiological and cognitive changes across the life span How these are affected by a person’s genetic predispositions, culture, circumstances, and experiences. Socialization = The process by which children learn the rules and behavior expected of them by society.

3. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Prenatal Development

4. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Germinal stage Begins at fertilization, when the male sperm unites with the female ovum (egg); the fertilized single-celled egg is called a zygote. Embryonic stage 2 weeks to 8 weeks gestation. Most major systems in early development Fetal stage 8 weeks to birth.

5. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? It is unlikely that drinking one glass of wine once a month will have a damaging effect on the fetus. A.True B.False

6. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? It is likely that continuing to smoke cigarettes during a pregnancy will have a damaging effect on the developing fetus. A.True B.False

7. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Agents that cross the placenta German measles X-rays and other radiation and toxic substances Sexually transmitted diseases Cigarette smoking Alcohol and other drugs

8. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Infant Development

9. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Physical abilities Newborn reflexes Rooting Sucking Grasping Eye blink Knee-jerk Sneezing

10. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Perceptual abilities Visual abilities Quickly develops beyond initial range of eight inches Can distinguish contrasts, shadows, and edges but not most colors Other senses (hearing, touch, olfaction) Allow the baby to discriminate between a caregiver and a stranger

11. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Culture and maturation Many aspects of development depend on customs Ex. Differences in babies’ sleep arrangements reflect cultural and parental values. Some cultures believe in sleeping the baby close to the mother for a few years, while others value independent sleeping.

12. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Attachment Contact comfort Harlow’s monkeys demonstrated the importance of contact. Crucial for newborns, and continues being important throughout life

13. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Attachment Separation anxiety The distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers Tested using the Strange Situation procedure A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment

14. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Types of attachment Secure A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion Insecure (avoidant) A parent-infant relationship in which the baby doesn’t care if the parent leaves the room and does not seek contact when the parent returns Insecure (anxious) A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion

15. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Which is correct? In the Strange Situation procedure, an infant cries when their primary caregiver leaves the room and is joyous upon being reunited with their primary caregiver. This describes which attachment style? A. Avoidant B. Secure C. Anxious-ambivalent

16. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What factors promote insecure attachment? Abandonment and deprivation in the first year or two of life Parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic The child’s own genetically influenced temperament Stressful circumstances in the child’s family

17. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Cognitive Development

18. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Language development Acquisition of speech begins in the womb - Infants are responsive to pitch, intensity, and sound at birth. By 4-6 months of age, children can recognize their names and regularly spoken words. By 6-12 months of age, children become familiar with sound structure of the native language and start babbling. By one year of age, children may start to use their first word, and also rely heavily on symbolic gestures. Between 18-24 months, toddlers combine 2 to 3 words into telegraphic speech.

19. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Noam Chomsky Innate capacity for language Language is too complex to be learned bit by bit. Children are born with universal grammar and a sensitivity to the core features common to all languages. Nouns and verbs, subjects and objects, negatives chapter 3

20. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Evidence supporting Chomsky’s view Children... in different cultures go through similar stages of linguistic development. combine words in ways adults never would. learn to speak or sign correctly without adult correction. not exposed to adult language may invent a language of their own. as young as 7 months can derive simple linguistic rules from a string of sounds. chapter 3

21. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Piaget

22. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Piaget - cognitive development consists of mental adaptations to new situations and experiences. Two adaptive processes Assimilation: absorbing new information into existing mental categories Accommodation: modifying existing mental categories in response to new information

23. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor 2.Preoperational 3.Concrete Operations 4.Formal Operations

24. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Sensorimotor stage Birth to 2 years Infant learns through concrete actions: looking, touching, putting things in the mouth, sucking, grasping. “Thinking” consists of coordinating sensory information with bodily movements. Major accomplishment is object permanence.

25. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Preoperational stage Ages 2 to 7 Children still lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principles and mental operations. Are egocentric. Cannot grasp concept of conservation.

26. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Concrete operations Ages 7 to 12 Children’s thinking is still grounded in concrete experiences and concepts, but they can now understand conservation, reversibility, and cause and effect. Children can categorize objects/ideas and can order things in a serial fashion.

27. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Formal operations stage Ages 12 to adulthood Teenagers are capable of abstract reasoning. Can reason about situations not experienced firsthand Can think about future possibilities Can search systematically for solutions Piaget

28. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Current views Cognitive abilities develop in continuous, overlapping waves rather than discrete steps or stages. Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought. Children, even infants, reveal cognitive abilities much earlier than Piaget believed possible. Cognitive development is influenced by a child’s culture.

29. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris MORAL DEVELOPMENT

30. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Moral reasoning: Kohlberg’s theory Children’s ability to understand right from wrong is attached to cognitive development. Morality is a stage-like process of development. We start by avoiding punishment, move to conforming to rules and law, and then develop standards based on human rights.

31. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Getting children to be good Power assertion Parent uses punishment and authority to correct misbehavior. Induction Parent appeals to child’s own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting misbehavior.

32. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Self-control and conscience Self-regulation The ability to suppress an initial wish to do something in favor of doing something else that is not as much fun Is related to the ability to delay gratification control negative emotions pay attention to the task at hand do well in school

33. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Adolescence

34. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Physiology of adolescence Adolescence Period of life from puberty until adulthood Puberty The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction Average age is 12 ½ years in white girls, and a few months earlier in black girls Menarche A girl’s first menstrual period

35. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Timing of puberty Onset of puberty depends on genetic and environmental factors. For example, body fat triggers the hormonal changes. Early vs. late onset Early maturing boys have more positive views of their bodies and are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, do other drugs, and break the law. Early maturing girls are usually socially popular but also regarded by peer group as precocious and sexually active. They are more likely to fight with parents, drop out of school, and have a negative body image, and feel angry or depressed.

36. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in adolescent violence. A.True B.False

37. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? Most teenagers experience a sudden drop in self-esteem. A.True B.False

38. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? Today’s teenagers are more narcissistic than their predecessors. A.True B.False

39. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Adolescents: Media perception vs. reality The rate of violent crimes committed by adolescents has been dropping steadily since 1993. Very little change in narcissism levels over the decades According to the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, today’s teenagers are more sexually conservative than their parents were at their age.

40. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Areas of adolescent turmoil Conflict with parents Mood swings and depression Higher rates of reckless, rule-breaking, and risky behavior

41. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Draw a timeline that begins with birth and ends with death. Write every milestone you can possible think of that occurs throughout your life. Identify whether each milestone is physical, emotional, social, or a combination.

42. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Psychologists have studied the relationships between the milestones of human aging and emotional and social development. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed an individual's personality development depends on the resolution of conflicts between childhood sexual urges and demands of society.

43. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Modern psychologist Erik Erikson refined and expanded Freud's theories into eight stages of development. He focused on the influence of society and culture on human personality development.

44. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Erik Erikson was born in Germany in 1902. In grammar school he was teased for being Jewish. At an early age Erikson did not feel comfortable as a German or as a Jew. This feeling was the basis for his notion of an "identity crisis." In the 1920s he met Anna Freud, a psychoanalyst and Sigmund Freud's daughter. He studied child psychoanalysis under her in Vienna. In 1933 he moved to the United States, where taught at Harvard, Yale, University of California at Berkeley, and other institutions. Erikson died in 1994.

45. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Erikson’s eight stages Trust versus mistrust Infancy (Ages 0 -1) Autonomy versus shame & doubt Toddler (Ages 1 – 3) Initiative versus guilt Preschooler (Ages 3 – 5) Competence versus inferiority School-age (Ages 5 – 12) Identity versus role confusion Adolescence (Ages 12 -18) Intimacy versus isolation Young adulthood (Ages 18 – 40) Generativity versus stagnation Middle adulthood (Ages 40 – 65) Ego integrity versus despair Late adulthood (Ages 65+)

46. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Use the Web sites listed below to research the stages. Record the following facts: Name of stage Age range Crisis or conflict Description Positive outcome (also called virtues) Negative outcome (also called maladaptations) Significant relationships Discuss one example—ideally from your own lives—that illustrates a particular stage-specific crisis. Describe a positive and negative outcome for your example.

47. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Web sites Erik Erikson - Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development Stages of Social-Emotional Development In Children and Teenagers Erik EriksonErik Erikson(scroll down to chart of stages) Erikson's Development Stages

48. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Identity Crisis What are some examples of teenagers struggling to define their own identity? Why do you think an identity crisis occurs for most people during their teenage years? What are basic skills and values that are necessary to successfully resolve an identity crisis?

49. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris The transitions of life Emerging adulthood (ages 18-25) Phase of life distinct from adolescence and adulthood In some ways an adult, in some ways not The middle years (ages 35-65) Perceived by many as the prime of life Menopause: the cessation of menstruation and the production of ova, usually a gradual process lasting several years Frequently received with relief

50. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Old age Some types of thinking change, others stay the same. Fluid intelligence: the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; relatively independent of education and declines in old age Crystallized intelligence: cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; depends heavily on education and remains stable over lifetime

51. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Intellectual changes over the life span Some intellectual abilities dwindle with age. Numerical and verbal abilities relatively stable

52. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Old age Apparent senility often caused by combination of medications Depression and passivity are result of loss of meaningful activity, intellectual stimulation, and control over events. Weakness and frailty caused by sedentary lifestyles

53. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Are adults prisoners of childhood? Research psychologists have questioned the psychodynamic assumption that childhood traumas have emotional effects that inevitably continue into adulthood. Considerable evidence disputes this claim.

54. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Challenging your assumptions Resilience was very high for people who demonstrated: Recovery from the effects of war Recovery from living with abusive or alcoholic parents Recovery from sexual abuse