1. Air Pollution in UB Dr. Christa Hasenkopf National University of Mongolia & University of Colorado UB Atmospheric Science Outreach Club

2. UB - 2010 Photo courtesy: Hunter Causey Dramatic growth in UB UB - 1990 Photo courtesy: www.everyculture.com  20 yrs = 2x population  Increased energy demands

3. Environmental Consequences! Photo courtesy: Dr. Dennis Ojima Photo from: http://urbanemissions.blogspot.com Dangerously high particulate matter levels!

4. What is Particulate Matter? Ikh Nartiin Chuluu Nature Reserve Research Camp, April 2005 Dust Volcanoes Mt. St. Helens, 1980 Combustion Sources Bacteria Bioaerosol

5. Fine Human Hair PM comes in a range of sizes PM10 (Diameter ≤ 10μm) PM2.5 (Diameter ≤ 2.5μm) ~ 50 μm

6. PM and Health Effects Very large > PM10 Coarse PM: 2.5 μm < PM < 10 μm Fine PM: PM 2.5 μm WHO estimates the total number of PM-related deaths to be approximately 2.5 million/year world-wide.

7. What we know about UB air pollution Pandey et al. (2006) Kan et al. (2009) Lodoysamba et al. (2010) WHO air quality guideline for PM 10 annual mean: 20 μg m -3

8. Sources Fine Fraction (PM2.5) – The harmful stuff! From: Davy, Gunchin, Markwitz, Trompetter, Barry, Shagjjamba, and Lodoysamba (2011) Low Temperature Combustion High Temperature Coal Combustion Photo courtesy: Dr. Dennis Ojima High Temperature – Power Plants Low Temp – Ger stoves and garbage

9. And one last way…. Volume Apt ~ 300 m 3 = having ? cigarettes smoked in your home over 24 hrs? ~6 0

10. A 2011 study 3 estimates that 10% of all deaths in UB are due to outdoor air pollution. What are the Health Effects of PM in UB?

11. On to the Activity! Clearly, Air Pollution in UB is a serious issue. Let’s do a powerful calculation that will let YOU communicate to others how serious a problem it is.

12. Today’s Activity You will figure out: How much PM10 do UB residents inhale in 1 year? Brainstorm – what are some of the things we need to know to figure that out? Annual Average PM10 in UB is approximately: 250 μg/m 3 (1 μg = 1/1,000,000 g)

13. Things we’re going to need to know: How much air do you breathe / breath? × × How many breaths do you take / year? × How many people live in UB? = How much particulate matter (smoke, dust) is inhaled by UB residents! Yearly average: PM10 ~ 250 μg/m 3 ?

14. Yearly average: PM10 ~ 250 μg/m 3 Step 1: How to convert to grams? Answer: 0.000250 g/m 3 OR 2.5 x 10 -4 g/m 3

15. Approximate the balloon: As a sphere: Step 2: Circumference = π*diameter = 2*π*radius If you know the circumference of your balloon, what is the radius?

16. Approximate the balloon: As a sphere: Step 2: (continued) Volume = 4/3*π*radius 3 If you know the radius, you can now calculate the volume of your ballon.

17. Answers 0.5 liters/breath × × ~7.5 million breaths/year × > 1.1 million people = of soot inhaled by UB residents in 1 year! Yearly average: PM10 ~ 250 μg/m 3 Answers WILL vary based on your assumptions!

18. Extra Slides

19. Natural factors Ulaanbaatar Mexico City Los Angeles Kabul Denver, Colorado