1. Russian Revolution

2. Russia
Pre World War I

3. Russian Society Autocratic czar
Ukase: police action, army under direction of Czar
Rise of the intelligentsia – radical ideology
Dissatisfied, demanded reform in western style
Alexander Herzen – socialist (Polar Star)
Nihilists
Anarchists, Terrorists
Bakunin
Secret terrorist societies

4. Russia Alexander II: Liberal Reformer
Abolish feudalism 1861 (imperial ukase)
Mir: self-governing community of peasant households
assumed communal control of the community’s land and periodically redistributed it among the households, according to their sizes
Zemstvos : Provincial councils (self-government)
Westernize legal systems & law
Lawyers, no class distinction, public trials, juries
Eased censorship and travel restrictions
Eliminated “Third Section” (secret police)
Assassinated 1881 (after 4 other attempts)
Alexander III reactionary – Nicholas II

5. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Attacks

6. Pale of Settlement

7. The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
Revolution of 1905
Bloody Sunday
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

8. organized by Father Gapon petition with workers demands to present to Czar deaths numbers in the 1,000

9. Spread of Revolution
The Battleship Potemkin

10. The Path to 1917

11. October Manifesto, 1905
The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order
Sergei Witte , Prime Minister
Grant civil liberties to the people
freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of association;
a broad participation in the Duma;
introduction of universal male suffrage;
and a decree that no law should come into force without the consent of the state Duma.

12. The Russian Constitution of 1906
Known as the Fundamental Laws April 23, 1906.
Article 4 states: "The supreme autocratic power is vested in the Emperor of all the Russias. It is God's command that his authority should be obeyed not only through fear but for conscience's sake." Article 9 provides that: "The Sovereign Emperor approves the laws, and without his approval no law can come into existence."
The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.
The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.
It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.

13. The Duma
The Czar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished.
The imperial State Duma was elected 4 times: in 1906, twice in 1907, and in 1912.
Subordinate to the Czar

14. Russian Humiliation

15. Czar Nicholas II

18. Causes of 1917 Social Hierarchy Weak Economy Early Industrialization
Russo-Japanese War
Extensive Foreign Investment/influence
Unrest among peasants & urban poor

19. Causes of 1917 World War I losses & hardships Social tensions
Turnip winter
Social tensions
Intelligentsia, peasants (legacy of Razin, Pugachev), new working classes, aristocracy
Political Tensions
Revolution of 1905, Russo Japanese War, Duma
Leadership Failures (Nicholas II)

20. Established “Political Parties”
Socialist Revolutionaries (Populist - Liberals)
Socialists believed Peasants were source of Revolution (Kerensky)
Social Democrats (Marxist)
Supported true revolution of proletariat
Split into Mensheviks & Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks
Party of Lenin
Necessary for elite group to direct Revolution
Dictatorship of the Proletariat

21. February 1917 Food shortages Bread riots in Petrograd
Army sides with rioters
Czar abdicates
Provisional Government Established
Alexander Kerensky Moderate liberal
Implements Constituent Assembly & liberal reforms

23. October: Failure of Kerensky’s Government
Petrograd Soviet demands greater reforms
Soviets develop through Russia
Lenin returns from Western Europe
Bolshevik ‘highjack’ Revolution
Align with Soviets
Promises of Peace, Land, Bread
Coup October 1917
Congress of All Soviets
Bolsheviks take majority in Congress
Elect Lenin

24. Civil War: 1918 Whites vs Reds
Brest –Litovsk Treaty
Leon Trotsky : Red Army
Cheka: Secret Police
War Communism
Redistribution of land
Nationalization of Major Industries
Establish Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Local autonomy in local affairs
Important state issues in hands of Central Government
One Party system

26. Allied Intervention Allies at Archangel –until 1919
Japanese and American forces at Vladivostok until 1922
Worked against counterrevolutionary efforts
Beginning of the Cold War?