1. Class #32: Friday, November 131 Class #33: Monday, November 16 Climate types (continued)

2. Class #32: Friday, November 132 Köppen (KEPP-in) Scheme Modified by Trewartha and Horn Related to geography and global circulation Uses letters (1, 2 or 3) in Chapter 14 Has many other subdivisions within the categories shown in our book Has 6 major groups: A, B, C, D, E, H

3. Class #32: Friday, November 133 The 6 major climate groups A: Tropical moist B: Dry (can be subtropical or mid latitude) C: Moist with mild winters (mid latitude) D: Moist with severe winters (mid latitude) E: Polar (high latitude) H: Highland (rapid climate change with elevation) 2 nd letter: usually latitude (except B) 3 rd letter: differences in temperature

4. Class #32: Friday, November 134

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7 Tropical Humid Climates: Af, Aw, Am All tropical (A) climates are humid Letter “f” means no dry season, rain year round, usually closest to the equator Letter “m” means “monsoonal”, with a short dry season and a very rainy season Letter “w” means “winter dry season” except no real winter in tropics, just cool

8. Class #32: Friday, November 138 Tropical humid climates (continued) Af –Closest to the equator –Smallest annual range of temperature –6.9-10 inches of rain per month –Most thunderstorms in afternoon –Linked to ITCZ –Tropical rain forests Am –Seasonal onshore winds during summer monsoon –Climates with most yearly precipitation –Jungle vegetation

9. Class #32: Friday, November 139 Tropical moist climates (continued) Aw –Farthest A climate from the equator –Often border Af –Tropical wet and dry –Wet summers, dry, cooler winters –Linked to the seasonal migration of the ITCZ –Vegetation is savannah or tropical grasslands with scattered deciduous trees, as in the grasslands of Africa.

10. Class #32: Friday, November 1310

11. Class #32: Friday, November 1311 Dry (B) climates Potential evaporation minus precipitation is greater than 0 More land of this climate type than any other Lubbock has a B climate Descending branch of the Hadley circulation near the subtropical highs or Rain shadow of a mountain range

12. Class #32: Friday, November 1312 Dry climate subtypes 2 nd letter –“S” for steppe or semi-arid (like Lubbock) –“W” for true desert (extremely dry) 3 rd letter –“h” for low-latitude, hot (yearly average temperature >= 64ºF) –“k” for mid latitude, cool (yearly average temperature <64ºF)

13. Class #32: Friday, November 1313 Dry climate subtypes (continued) BWh Extremely dry and hot; can have large sand dunes; Sahara, Arabian peninsula, central Australia, most extreme B climate BSk Least extreme B climate; midlatitude steppe, often high plateau, Lubbock, Denver, San Diego; often rain shadow BSh Much of Mexico, lower latitude, subtropical steppe BWk Central Asia, very dry, midlatitude rain shadow, continental interior

14. Class #32: Friday, November 1314

15. Class #32: Friday, November 1315

16. Class #32: Friday, November 1316 C Climate type All C are moist, plentiful precipitation All C are midlatitudes Average temperature of coolest month between 27ºF and 65ºF Have many subtypes; Chapter 14 concentrates on a few 2 nd letter like A subtypes –“f” no dry season –“w” brief dry period in winter

17. Class #32: Friday, November 1317 C Climate type (continued) 3 rd letter –“a” hot summer –“b” warm summer –“c” cool summer

18. Class #32: Friday, November 1318 C Climate subtypes Cfb, Cfc Marine west coast –Northwest coast of US, Canada –Often cool ocean currents Cfa, Cwa Humid subtropical –Southeastern US –30-100 inches of rain per year Csa, Csb Mediterranean –Along a coast, mild winter –Greece –Dry summer, semi-permanent subtropical high

19. Class #32: Friday, November 1319

20. Class #32: Friday, November 1320

21. Class #32: Friday, November 1321

22. Class #32: Friday, November 1322 D Climate type Severe (winter) Midlatitude Similar to C but severely cold winter Average temperature of coldest month <27ºF Snow on ground for extended periods Average temperature of warmest month >50ºF Overall, large change in temperature with season

23. Class #32: Friday, November 1323 D climate subtypes 2 nd letter –“f” no dry season –“w” winter dry season 3 rd letter –“a” hot summer –“b” warm summer –“c” cool summer –“d” extremely severe winter

24. Class #32: Friday, November 1324 D Climate Subtypes (continued) Humid continental –Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb –Dfa, for example, Chicago Subarctic –Dfc, Dfd, Dwc, Dwd –Long winter –Brief cool summer

25. Class #32: Friday, November 1325

26. Class #32: Friday, November 1326

27. Class #32: Friday, November 1327 E climate type Polar climate, very dry and cold Poleward of Arctic/Antarctic Circle, latitude 66.5º E climate subtypes –ET Tundra: mosses, lichens, flowering plants, woody shrubs, small trees, permafrost –EF Ice caps: no vegetation; Greenland, Antarctic Plateau

28. Class #32: Friday, November 1328

29. Class #32: Friday, November 1329 H climate type: Highland Large variation of temperature and precipitation over small horizontal distances Large diurnal temperature variation Can be dry or moist, depending on orientation, humidity, and whether prevailing winds are upslope or downslope