1. Flows around high and low pressure zones (winds)
Hi Altitude Motion
Convergence
Divergence
Downwelling
Subsidence
Upwelling
Lifting
Vertical Motion Hi Lo
Earth not spinning
No Coriolis Effect Lo
Earth spinning
Coriolis Effect Hi
Northern Hemisphere
Motion
Clockwise
Counter-clockwise

2. Santa Ana Winds Hi (Cold) WHY ARE SANTA ANAS HOT? Adiabatic heating
as the air pressure
increases
Low (Warm)

3. Why are Highs and Lows associated with Good and Bad Weather, Respectively?
Convergence
Divergence
Adiabatic
heating RH
Adiabatic
cooling RH
Clouds and
Precipitation
Clear Skies
Downwelling
Upwelling HI LO
Divergence
Convergence

4. Weather Where there’s weather, there’s clouds (or not)
This is why
we watch
barometers
This is what
makes
T-storms
This is why
E Hawaii
is wet
This is why
we get
squall lines
and cyclones

5. Rain-Shadow Deserts
Orographic precipitation

6. Cold Front
Figure 8.11

7. Warm Front
Figure 8.13

8. Midlatitude Cyclone
Figure 8.14

9. Earth’s Climate System It’s all about energy
Figure 10.1

10. Albedo and the Greenhouse Effect
max=2898/T
6000 K: 0.5 m
283 K: 10 m
Earth’s Albedo: 30%
Major Controls?
Greenhouse Gases:
H2O
CO2
N2O
CH4
Others

11. Climate and the Cryosphere
Albedo-Climate Feedbacks
The Snowball Earth? ( Ma)
How would Earth get out of a
Snowball Scenario?

12. Climate and the Cryosphere
Figure 10.32

13. Climate and the Cryosphere

14. What is the impact of changes in insolation?
How much of a difference does 30 W/m2 make?
-18.99°C to °C
A range of 1.4°C

15. CO2 and the Earth System

16. CO2 and the Earth System
What effect does the collision between India and Asia have on atmospheric CO2?

17. The Ocean, Heat and CO2 CO2(g) CO2(aq) +H2O -> H+(aq)+ HCO3(aq)
Mass of Atmosphere: 5.1 x 1018 kg Mass of Ocean: 1.4 x 1021 kg
To raise entire atmosphere 1 °C:
~ 5 x 1021 J or 1.2 x 1021 cal
To raise entire ocean 1 °C:
~ 6 x 1024 J or 1.4 x 1024 cal
CO2(g)
CO2(aq) +H2O -> H+(aq)+ HCO3(aq)

18. Global Temperatures
Figure 10.28

19. The Keeling Curve

20. Variations in CO2

21. Causes of Climate Change
From: Mann, Michael E., Raymond S. Bradley, and Malcolm K. Hughes.  1998.  Nature , 392, pp

23. Climate Relationships
Figure 10.3

24. Generalized Climate Regions
Figure 10.4

25. Latitudinal Transect
Amazonia
South Carolina
Moscow
Subarctic
Russia

26. Continental vs. Maritime

27. Mediterranean Climates
Figure 10.16