1. Three-Dimensional (3d) Instructional Media

2. Overview: The three-dimensional materials are very useful in the event that real-life materials are impossible to be brought in the classrooms to provide students with certain amounts of direct, purposeful, rich, and meaningful learning experience in accordance with Dale’s “Cone of Experience”.

3. Content: Some of the most commonly used types of 3-D materials are the objects and specimens, models and mock-ups, diorama, puppets, and even resource person

4. Objects and Specimens Objects are concrete materials such as plants, animals, tools, and artifacts used in providing direct experience Specimen is a part or aspect of some item that is a typical sample of the character of others in its same class or group, enable us to learn many things that would otherwise be unobtainable. Objects and specimens enable us to build generalizations that would otherwise cost prohibitive amounts of time and effort

5. Advantages: less abstract and more concrete attracts students’ attention students become more familiar with objects Limitations: need bigger storage prone to possible damage some objects have limitation in availability and may not be able to find

6. Models and Mock-ups are modified real things- reproductions of costly or delicate items that can be provided at reasonable cost and are safe to use, replicas of real objects that can be larger or smaller than the real thing

7. Types of Models 1. Solid Models Mainly for recognizing external features as in the case of globes 2. Cross-section/ Cut-away Models Show internal structures such as that of a tree showing the pith and other internal parts

8. 3. Construction Models Can be assembled or disassembled to show parts to whole relationship 4. Working Models Indicate how the things being represented and operated

9. Advantages allow learner to examine model or mock- up which may not be easy in the real object functioning model/mock-up allows learner to handle and operate create high interest and permit close up observation of how it works can provide learning experiences that real objects cant provide

10. working models can illustrate basic operations of real device and provide important details allow learner to independently study the item at their own convenience make classroom discussion more effective

11. Limitations: require tedious work expensive might distort some real concepts too heavy or too big models may be difficult to handle for actual lecture

12. Diorama From the Greek word “to see through”, a three dimensional representation of events, ideas or concepts against a scenic background, also known as portable and meaningful exhibit in boxes or cases, a miniature scene which meant to replicate reality and cause students to think creatively and aesthetically.

13. Four principal parts of dioramas case or stage printed background three-dimensional middle and foreground figures, constructions, and modeled objects that are placed in the case

14. Advantages: they have intrinsic value allow us to compare past and present conditions aids in making connections to the real world develops student’s creativity can be viewed, handled and examined by students adds interest and meaning to the lesson

15. Limitations: demands a bigger space in the classroom in terms of use and storage. generally expensive damaged easily

16. Puppets Artificial figures whose movements are controlled by a person, inanimate objects that are manipulated by a puppeteer so as to appear to be moving, use to represent a person, animal plant or an object, can be a medium of expression for children in role playing fashion for it assists the child in assuming the role of the character that he is portraying.

17. Types of Puppets: 1.Shadow Puppets Two-dimensional in nature, controlled by rods that are much thinner than the typical ones that are used to support the rod puppet, makes use of translucent screen and a light source for its effective use.

18. 2. Rod Puppets Are flat cut out figures tacked to a stick with one or more movable parts and operated from below the stage level by wire rods or slender sticks

19. Hand Puppets Made to slip over the hand like a glove, the puppets head is operated by the forefinger of the puppeteer, the little finger and the thumb are being used to animate the puppet hands

20. Glove-and-finger puppets Make use of old gloves to which small costumed figure are attached

21. Marionettes Suspended and controlled by a number of stings, a central rod attached to control bar held from above by the puppeteer, basic strings for operation are attached to the head, back, hands (to control the arms) and just above the knee (to control the legs), complex and sophisticated to operate that requires greater manipulative control.

22. Advantages boost participation among students stirring and attention getting fascination of the inanimate objects enjoyable and spontaneous learning experiences students become more creative

23. Limitations: time consuming expensive demands extra effort can compete with the teacher

24. Resource Person as an Instructional Medium Is someone invited to talk about something, he/she is experienced or knowledgeable with and is capable of sharing what he/she knows

25. Introducing the Speaker/s 1. thoroughly prepare what you are going to say 2. follow the TIS formula: T- topic/exact title of the talk I- importance of the topic S- speaker, hi/her outstanding qualifications, particularly those that relate to the topic 3. announce the speaker’s name distinctly and clearly 4. be enthusiastic about the speaker

26. Advantages: less preparation on the part of the teacher thorough discussion of the topic might add enthusiasm to the audience if the speaker is good Limitations: hassle in searching for suitable speaker might confused the audience if the speaker is not good enough less enthusiasm from the audience if the speaker is boring

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