1. Section 3 Remote sensing of global change 5. Carbon cycle Global Change Instructor: Dr. Cheng-Chien LiuCheng-Chien Liu Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng Kung University Office: Building of Earth Sciences, room 30206 Voice: +886-6-2757575 ext. 65422 E-mail: ccliu88@mail.ncku.edu.tw Office hours: Monday 14:00 – 17:00, Wednesday 9:00 – 12:00 URL: http://mail.ncku.edu.tw./~ccliu88/http://mail.ncku.edu.tw./~ccliu88/ Last updated: 4 May 2004

2. 5.1 Introduction  Life on Earth  carbon and water  Questions of the carbon cycle Where does it go? How does it get there? What keeps the cycle moving? What’s the future of life on Earth in a post-industrial age?  NASA’s step  SeaWiFS A short video: cycle of life http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_20010327/p ackage.mov http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_20010327/p ackage.mov

3. 5.2 The colors of life  Color of reflected light  photosynthesis  utilization of carbon Land  Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the past 20 years Ocean  elusive SeaWiFS A short video: colorful shadows: inferring carbon's cycle http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_2001 0327/waterplanet.mov http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_2001 0327/waterplanet.mov

4. 5.3 The carbon cycle  Observations The carbon record  historic atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (Fig. 5.3.1)  Ice core (Fig. 5.3.2)  no significant change for thousands of years  Field station (Mauna Loa, Hawaii) (Fig. 5.3.2)  since 1958, once per hour  annual cycle  significant increase  16.6%  from 1959 – 1999  The largest annual increase 2.9 ppmv (1997 – 1998)

5. Fig. 5.3.1 Fig. 5.3.1 Source: http://140.115.123.30/gis/globalc/fig/03-06.gifhttp://140.115.123.30/gis/globalc/fig/03-06.gif

6. Fig. 5.3.2 Fig. 5.3.2 The average levels of atmospheric carbon going back roughly a thousand years measured from ice core samples collected in Antarctica Source: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a002085/index.htmlhttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a002085/index.html

7. Fig. 5.3.3 Fig. 5.3.3 The average levels of atmospheric carbon measured from a field station near the Mauna Loa caldera in Hawaii since 1958 Source: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a002085/index.htmlhttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a002085/index.html

8. 5.3 The carbon cycle (cont.)  Carbon and the land – the fast cycle Defoliation  Carbon sequestration – carbon being taken in from the surrounding world and literally trapper for a period of time by the very body that it enables to grow Decomposition  Plant die  decompose  carbon is back to the environment Fire A short video http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_20010327/ca rbon_cycle_land.mov http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_20010327/ca rbon_cycle_land.mov

9. 5.3 The carbon cycle (cont.)  Carbon and the ocean – the slow cycle Phytoplankton Bloom  Light + nutrient  photosynthesis  absorb carbon in the atmosphere and grow  foundation of food chain  Sources of nutrient  Deep water upwelling  River outflow Marine snow A short video http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_20010327/ca rbon_cycle_water.mov http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/biosphere_20010327/ca rbon_cycle_water.mov

10. 5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle  Sensor Ocean color  Missions Historical Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Current Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Scheduled Satellite Ocean Color Sensors

11. Table 5.4.1 Table 5.4.1 Historical Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: http://www.ioccg.org/sensors/med_res.html#historicalhttp://www.ioccg.org/sensors/med_res.html#historical SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE OPERATING DATES SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) CZCS NASA (USA) Nimbus-7 (USA) 24/10/78 - 22/06/8615568256433-12500 OCTS NASDA (Japan) ADEOS (Japan) 17/08/96 - 1/07/97140070012402-12500 POLDER CNES (France) ADEOS (Japan) 17/08/96 - 1/07/9724006 km9443-910

12. Table 5.4.2 Table 5.4.2 Current Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: http://www.ioccg.org/sensors/med_res.html#currenthttp://www.ioccg.org/sensors/med_res.html#current SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE LAUNCH DATE SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) MOS DLR (Germany) IRS P3 (India) 21/03/9620050018408-1600 SeaWiFS NASA (USA) OrbView-2 (USA) 1/08/97280611008402-885 OCI NEC (Japan) ROCSAT-1 (Taiwan) 27/01/996908256433-12500 OCM ISRO (India) IRS-P4 (India) 26/05/9914203508402-885 MODIS-Terra NASA (USA) Terra (USA) 18/12/992330100036405-14385 MISR NASA (USA) Terra (USA) 18/12/993602504446-867 OSMI KARI (Korea) KOMPSAT (Korea) 20/12/998008506400-900 MERIS ESA (Europe) ENVISAT-1 Europe) 1/03/021150300/120015412-1050 MODIS-Aqua NASA (USA) Aqua (EOS-PM1) 4/05/022330100036405-14385 CMODIS CNSA (China) Shen Zhou-3 (China) March, 2002-40034403-12500 COCTS CNSA (China) HaiYang-1 (China) 15/05/021400110010402-12500 CZI CNSA (China) HaiYang-1 (China) 15/05/025002504420-890 GLI NASDA (Japan) ADEOS-II (Japan) 14/12/021600250/100036375-12500 POLDER-2 CNES (France) ADEOS-II (Japan) 14/12/02240060009443-910

13. Table 5.4.3 Table 5.4.3 Scheduled Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: http://www.ioccg.org/sensors/med_res.html#scheduledhttp://www.ioccg.org/sensors/med_res.html#scheduled SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE SCHEDULED LAUNCH SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) S-GLI NASDA (Japan) ADEOS-3 (Japan) 2007160075011412-865 VIIRS U.S. Gov. (USA) NPP (USA) 2005170074219402-11800

14. 5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle (cont.)  Principle:  Measurements: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a0 02077/a002077.mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a0 02077/a002077.mpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a000600/a0 00697/a000697.mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a000600/a0 00697/a000697.mpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a0 02085/a002085.mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a0 02085/a002085.mpg

15. 5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle (cont.)  Useful links: International Ocean Color Coordinate Group  Data: GSFC Earth Sciences Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/  Ocean color http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/  CZCS http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataset/CZCS/  OCTS http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataset/OCTS/index.html  SeaWiFS http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataset/SEAWIFS/  MODIS http://mqabi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ http://acdisx.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataset/MODIS/index.html

16. 5.5 Questions  What is the residence time for carbon to stay in various reservoirs?