1. We Shall Fight on the Beaches

2. WHAT ARE WE LOOKING AT TODAY? Battle for Britain Operation Sealion Battle of Britain Operation Barbarossa

3. FORTRESS EUROPE …BRITAIN STANDS ALONE

4. BATTLE FOR BRITAIN: BRITAIN PREPARES Winston Churchill delivers his famous “Finest Hour” speech speech France falls four days later Hitler assumed that England would not continue fighting The British focus on preparing the Royal Air Force (RAF) Britain remains firm in her commitment to stopping Hitler

5. OPERATION SEALION: GERMAN INVASION Codename given to the German military plan to invade Britain Surprise initiative Land 160,000 men on a forty- five mile costal stretch of south-east England Crossing of the English Channel launched from French ports 3 full armies including Panzer divisions The only thing stopping the Germans is...? Royal Air Force

6. OPERATION SEALION: DIRECTIVE 16 16 July 1940 “Since England, in spite of her hopeless military situation, shows no signs of being ready to come to an understanding, I have decided to prepare a landing operation against England and, if necessary, to carry it out. The aim of this operation will be to eliminate the English homeland as a base for the prosecution of the war against Germany and, if necessary, to occupy it completely.” -Adolf Hitler With this the Battle of Britain begins.

7. HERMANN GOERING

8. BATTLE OF BRITAIN: AND THE WINNER SHOULD BE... RAF- BRITISH Strengths: Between 600-1000 planes Spitfire Hurricanes Familiar Territory Radar stations Weaknesses Lacked skilled pilots LUFTWAFFE- GERMAN Strengths: Between 1600-2000 planes Messerschmitt Stukka Skilled pilots Confidence Weaknesses Fighting in enemy territory Short range planes Victory Odds favour Luftwaffe

9. BATTLE OF BRITAIN: PHASE ONE- CHANNEL BATTLES 10 July 1940 Lasts one month German Luftwaffe focuses efforts on: Interrupting shipping Hit Ports Limited RAF bombings (Radar stations) 1 August 1940 Directive 17 “The attacks are to be directed primarily against flying units, their ground installations, and their supply organizations, but also against the aircraft industry, including that manufacturing antiaircraft equipment.”- Adolf Hitler Bombed Radar Station

10. BATTLE OF BRITAIN: PHASE TWO- EAGLE ATTACK Objective: Destroy RAF Attacks on radar positions Precision attacks on the enemy airfield 13 August 1940 Adlertag or Eagle Day Massive German offensive 1500 Luftwaffe vs. 700 RAF Target was radar stations in southern Britain 20 August 1940 The Alderangriff (bombers) keep up attacks Churchill addresses the publicpublic

11. BATTLE OF BRITAIN: AN ACCIDENT CHANGES A WAR Early Morning 25 August 1940 A pilot gets lost on a mission and accidentally bombed central London Directive 17- Luftwaffe ordered not to hit cities Night 25 August 1940 Churchill orders attack on Berlin 80 RAF bomb Berlin Hit Hitler’s ego “If the British bomb our cities, we will bury theirs”- Adolf Hitler

12. BATTLE OF BRITAIN: PHASE THREE- THE BLITZ Standing order against civilian targets is eliminated 7 September 1940 High point of battle- fierce fight Luftwaffe suffers huge losses Big push London is attacked day and night Lasts 57 nights London after bombing

13. CANADIAN WOMEN Jill Canucks Served as firefighters Nurses, drivers Pregnancy considered grounds for dismissal

14. BATTLE OF BRITAIN: GERMAN RETREAT 17 September 1940 The Blitz has produced little results Hitler postpones Operation Sealion until further notice Raids become smaller after this date 12 October 1940 Hitler formally postpones the invasion until 1941 Britain begins to rebuild and consolidate Sign reads: “Dig for Victory”

15. BATTLE OF BRITAIN: WHAT WENT WRONG? Tactics and fire power favoured Germany Germans overestimation the damage caused Changed their plans half way through Luftwaffe did not replace fallen planes Deplorable military intelligence German attention turns to Soviet Union Luftwaffe bombed Britain until end of war RAF lost 1,000 planes Luftwaffe lost 1,900 Theatre shifts eastward

16. OPERATION BARBAROSSA: RUSSIAN INVASION Mein Kampf- made reference to conquering USSR Hitler called it Operation Barbarossa in reference to Frederick Barbarossa Hitler used Lebensraum to justify attack German army at beginning: 3 million soldiers 3500 tanks 2000 planes 750,000 horses 22 June 1941- Operation Barbarossa begins “We have only to kick in the front door and the whole rotten Russian edifice will come tumbling down.” - Adolf Hitler

17. German Tactics: German Army wanted to push only for MOSCOW Hitler changed their plan to a three prong attack MOSCOW KIEV LENINGRAD Soviet Tactics Scorched Earth “Not a step back!” Winter OPERATION BARBAROSSA: TACTICS

18. The Northern Army: Begin attack: Leningrad (1 Sept) Encircles: Leningrad (15 Sept 42) Ends: (27 Jan 44) The Centre Army: Take: Minsk (29 June) Take: Smolensk (15 July) Begin attack: Moscow (26 Sept) Lift siege: Moscow (5 Dec) The South Army: Begin attack: Kiev (11 July) Ends: Kiev (27 Sept) Advance: Stalingrad The three armies remain at these positions until 1943/44 OPERATION BARBAROSSA: PHASE ONE- GERMAN ADVANCE, 1941/42

19. The North Army: Operation Spark (1943) Siege at Leningrad cost approximately 1,500,000 lives The Centre Army: Reinforcements arrive German army arrives at the town in winter War of attrition The South Army Stalingrad: bloodiest battle OPERATION BARBAROSSA: SOVIET COUNTER-OFFENSIVE 1942/43

20. Ideologically important Battle begins: 23 Aug Fire bombing Fight outside city: 5 Sept Luftwaffe harass Soviet Army Soviets forced to withdraw to city “Not a step back” Three months of fighting before encirclement occurs Soviet Operation Uranus 19-30 Nov 1942 Trapped German army Pincer attack German Army Encircled 230,000 troops in city 2 Feb 1943 German army surrenders 91,000 POW captured OPERATION BARBAROSSA: STALINGRAD

21. OPERATION BARBAROSSA: GERMANY AT HOME Total War

22. REASONS WHY THE GERMANS LOST