1. IMPULSE On a secret mission… … to change equilibrium states!

2. We have seen that… … equilibrium is a self-sustained state;

3. We have seen that… … equilibrium is a self-sustained state; … objects in equilibrium will remain so indefinitely, unless acted upon by an agent;

4. We have seen that… … equilibrium is a self-sustained state; … objects in equilibrium will remain so indefinitely, unless acted upon by an agent; … there are two categories of equilibrium: static (object @ rest) and dynamic (object in uniform motion);

5. We have seen that… … equilibrium is a self-sustained state; … objects in equilibrium will remain so indefinitely, unless acted upon by an agent; … there are two categories of equilibrium: static (object @ rest) and dynamic (object in uniform motion); … each equilibrium category is further broken into types;

6. We have seen that… (cont’d) … static equilibrium types are mutually exclusive, whereas dynamic types are mutually inclusive;

7. We have seen that… (cont’d) … static equilibrium types are mutually exclusive, whereas dynamic types are mutually inclusive; … the ability of an object to retain its state of equilibrium is called inertia;

8. We have seen that… (cont’d) … static equilibrium types are mutually exclusive, whereas dynamic types are mutually inclusive; … the ability of an object to retain its state of equilibrium is called inertia; … inertia is the degree of “laziness” or “resistance” to change;

9. We have seen that… (cont’d) … static equilibrium types are mutually exclusive, whereas dynamic types are mutually inclusive; … the ability of an object to retain its state of equilibrium is called inertia; … inertia is the degree of “laziness”, or “resistance” to change; … while in equilibrium, an object’s motion is due to inertia;

10. We have seen that… (cont’d) … each category of equilibrium is associated with a distinct type of motion;

11. We have seen that… (cont’d) … each type of equilibrium is associated with a distinct type of motion; … objects in static equilibrium are at rest, and thus their position is constant;

12. We have seen that… (cont’d) … each type of equilibrium is associated with a distinct type of motion; … objects in static equilibrium are at rest, and thus their position is constant; … objects in dynamic equilibrium are in uniform motion, and thus their velocity is constant.

13. In summary… STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is at rest; DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is in uniform (translational and/or rotational) motion;

14. In summary… STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is at rest; Object’s position is constant; DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is in uniform (translational and/or rotational) motion; Object’s (linear and/or angular) velocity is constant;

15. In summary… STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is at rest; Object’s position is constant; The three types (stable, unstable and indifferent) are mutually exclusive; DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is in uniform (translational and/or rotational) motion; Object’s (linear and/or angular) velocity is constant; The two types (translational and rotational) are mutually inclusive;

16. In summary… STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is at rest; Object’s position is constant; The three types (stable, unstable and indifferent) are mutually exclusive; Measure of inertia: mass (for translations) or moment of inertia (for rotations) DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Object is in uniform (translational and/or rotational) motion; Object’s (linear and/or angular) velocity is constant; The two types (translational and rotational) are mutually inclusive; Measure of inertia: momentum (linear, for translations or angular, for rotations)

17. Change! Any change in equilibrium requires an agent.

18. Change! Any change in equilibrium requires an agent. To change between states, the object must change its momentum!

19. Change! Any change in equilibrium requires an agent. To change between states, the object must change its momentum! Changes involve a difference between a final state and an initial state: (final state) – (initial state) = change in state

20. Change! Any change in equilibrium requires an agent. To change between states, the object must change its momentum! Changes involve a difference between a final state and an initial state: (final state) – (initial state) = change in state “Change in” in Physics (math) is represented by the Greek letter “uppercase delta”: (change in variable) ≡ Δ (variable)

21. Change! (cont’d) (final state) – (initial state) = change in state (change in variable) ≡ Δ (variable)

22. Change! (cont’d) (final state) – (initial state) = change in state (change in variable) ≡ Δ (variable) REPRESENTATION: Initial state: subscript “1” Final state: subscript “2”

23. Change! (cont’d) (final state) – (initial state) = change in state (change in variable) ≡ Δ (variable) REPRESENTATION: Initial state: subscript “1” Final state: subscript “2” Δ (variable) = (final value) 2 – (initial value) 1

24. For example… Change in temperature T: Δ T = T 2 – T 1

25. For example… Change in temperature T: Δ T = T 2 – T 1 Change in mass m: Δ m = m 2 – m 1

26. For example… Change in temperature T: Δ T = T 2 – T 1 Change in mass m: DENOTES A VECTOR Δ m = m 2 – m 1 Change in (linear) momentum p: Δ p = p 2 – p 1

27. The Role of IMPULSE in TRANSLATIONS

31. LANGUAGE ARTS Strength of argument: PHYSICS (MATH)

32. The Role of IMPULSE in TRANSLATIONS LANGUAGE ARTS Strength of argument: Length of speech: PHYSICS (MATH)

33. IMPULSE EQUATION Both strength and length of speech must be present for a (meaningful and certain) sway in opinion to take place.

34. IMPULSE EQUATION Both strength and length of speech must be present for a (meaningful and certain) sway in opinion to take place. Both force and interaction time must be present for a (measurable) change in linear momentum to take place.

35. IMPULSE EQUATION Both strength and length of speech must be present for a (meaningful and certain) sway in opinion to take place. Both force and interaction time must be present for a (measurable) change in linear momentum to take place. “Both being present” means “AND”

36. IMPULSE EQUATION Both strength and length of speech must be present for a (meaningful and certain) sway in opinion to take place. Both force and interaction time must be present for a (measurable) change in momentum to take place. “Both being present” means “AND” “AND” in math translates into “multiplication”

37. IMPULSE EQUATION

38. THE END © Lilian Wehner