1. Restriction Digestion and Gel Electrophoresis Laboratory

2. DNA Restriction Enzymes Evolved by bacteria to protect against viral DNA infection Endonucleases = cleave within DNA strands Over 3,000 known enzymes

3. Enzyme Site Recognition Each enzyme digests (cuts) DNA at a specific sequence = restriction site Enzymes recognize 4- or 6- base pair, palindromic sequences (eg GAATTC)

4. 5 vs 3 Prime Overhang Generates 5 prime overhang

5. Common Restriction Enzymes

6. The DNA Digestion Reaction Restriction Buffer provides optimal conditions –NaCI provides the correct ionic strength –Tris-HCI provides the proper pH –Mg 2+ is an enzyme co-factor

7. DNA Digestion Temperature Why incubate at 37°C? –Body temperature is optimal for these and most other enzymes What happens if the temperature is too hot or cool? –Too hot = enzyme may be denatured –Too cool = enzyme activity lowered, requiring longer digestion time

8. + Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP

9. Agarose Electrophoresis Loading Electrical current carries negatively- charged DNA through gel towards positive (red) electrode

10. Agarose Electrophoresis Running Agarose gel sieves DNA fragments according to size –Small fragments move farther than large fragments

11. Analysis of Stained Gel Determine restriction fragment sizes –Create standard curve using DNA marker –Measure distance traveled by restriction fragments –Determine size of DNA fragments

12. Can be used to determine relative size of a DNA fragment (e.g. size of a gene)

13. Molecular Weight Determination Size (bp) Distance (mm) 23,00011.0 9,40013.0 6,50015.0 4,40018.0 2,30023.0 2,00024.0

14. Equipment Micropipet—measures small volumes of liquid (  l –ml) 1000  l = 1 ml Microfuge tubes

15. Minicentrifuge—pools liquid, solids to bottom of centrifuge tube Samples of balanced rotor configurations

16. Agarose gel--porous