1. General Findings Concerning the Ionosphere-Thermosphere- Mesosphere Reported by Janet Kozyra (University of Michigan) Based on presentations, audience comments, and conversations at ILWS 2011. Thanks to all participants!

2. Basic Principle Underlying Findings Purpose of ILWS is to enhance scientific progress in Heliophysics through interagency and international collaboration between programs

3. Key ITM Science Frontiers for the Coming Decade The ITM as an active element modulating the geospace response to solar and solar wind driving (i.e., global electrical conductance changes, chemical-dynamical interactions, mass outflow patterns, and the associated processes and linkages). – Untangle key coupling & feedbacks by studying ITM response in unusual parameter spaces (i.e., anomalous solar cycle 23/24 minimum and recovery to solar maximum, extreme space weather events, stratospheric warming events, etc.) ITM coupling to the middle/lower atmosphere – Meteorological driving of the ITM – Space weather effects on the mid/low atmosphere Long-term changes in the ITM due to: – Anthropogenic global change – Solar variability

4. What is Needed? The study of multi-scale, non-linear dynamical systems is the most important challenge of the 21 st century Introduces a new set of requirements –Gather information on global connections (sometimes across vast spatial & temporal scales) –Deepen understanding of the individual regions and processes that are elements of these connections. –Follow the evolution of simultaneous patterns of key parameters not single cuts through these patterns (i.e., outflows, conductance, particle inputs, currents, etc.). To satisfy these requirements, –Need imaging instruments that obtain instantaneous global patterns or constellation missions that combine in-situ detailed information into global patterns. The lack of such ITM missions is a major weakness in the current program. Will seriously inhibit progress towards more accurate space weather prediction models & the emergence of regional models –Need rich flexible data environments that leverage distributed ITM observations into new information about the interconnected Geospace system. Includes the latest commercial and scientific developments in digital search, data manipulation and analysis tools, server-side visualization, data assimilation and data fusion

5. Resources Available to Address Them Worldwide

6. SatelliteLaunchAgenc ies OrbitScience TIMED extended mission 9/2012 NASA625 km, circular, 74.1 o incl Physics, dynamics, energetics, thermal structure & comp of the MLTI – global coverage at 1 LT only AIM extended mission to 4/2012 NASAPolar, sun- synchronous Polar mesospheric clouds -- very focused science topic CINDI 4/2008, MOO on C/NOFS, extended? DoD (US) MOO Equatorial, 400-800 km Neutral atmosphere wind velocity and the charged particle drift velocity -- equatorial region only Cosmic 4/2006 extended? Cosmic-2? Taiwa n/US 6 microsats in 6 orbit planes,800km Near realtime 1000-2500 daily Ne profiles, TEC, TIP radiance products AMPERE 8/2010 switched to high res mode NSFSensors on 66 Iridium satellites Patterns of FAC in both hemispheres at a 10-min cadence. Revolutionary step forward for geospace system investigations ITM Operating Scientific Satellites *Lack of observations in the ITM is a serious problem for progress on critical science frontiers and forecast goals in the coming decade

7. SatelliteLaunchAgenciesOrbitScience SolACES2/2008, 18 mon DLR (Germany), ESA On ISSSolar UV and EUV SDO/EVE2/2010NASACircular geosynch- ronous orbit Solar-EUV PICARD6/2010CNESSimultaneous absolute total and spectral solar irradiance, solar diameter & shape,helioseismology SORCE1/2003NASA40 o orbit, 645 km alt Solar x-ray, UV, vis, near-IR and TSI Solar Irradiance

8. SatelliteLaunchAgenciesOrbitScience ASIM2013 - 2 yr ESA, DK, Spain, Norway ISSUpward lightning discharges Firefly (cubesat) 2011?NSF, NASA GSFC secondary payloadLightning and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes (TGFs). Chibis (microsat) 2011Ukrainelaunches from Progress Space Cargo Ship, 500 km Lightning discharges EQUARSnot launched yet as of 7/2011 BrazilEquatorial, 700-800 km alt Tropospheric convection, lightning, gravity waves, influence of dynamical processes on the T N field, ionospheric irregularities. ePOP 2011 – 2 yr CSAElliptical polar orbit, 300-1500 km Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe IONOSAT2012Ukraine400 km perigee, polar orbit Systematic study of the dynamic response of the ionosphere to the influences “from above” and “from below”. 3 microsats in a cluster, spacing 50-3000 km Kuafu2012- 2015 CNSA (also DE, BE, FR, CA, AT, UK) A: L1 B1/B2: Polar 2-8 RE Observe complete chain of disturbances from the solar atmosphere to geospace Not Launched Yet

9. SatelliteLaunchAgenciesOrbitScience DMSP2012; 2016, 5yr nominal US DoDSun-synch, low-Earth, polar orbit Collaborative and stand-alone studies of the space environment (over 2000 papers since inception) Valuable research usage, valuable contextual information for other missions, climatological data set (30 years), excellent ITM resource for assimilative space weather modeling. Large amounts of archived data already are not accessible to the general scientific community. POESN19, 2009, 5yr nominal NOAASun-synch, low-Earth, polar orbit Collaborative and stand-alone studies of the space environment Same as above. NPOESScancelled Loss of essential capabilities in LEO space environment monitoring. Only particle measurements continued by DWSS and MetOp MetOp2009, 2012, 2016 ESA, EUMET- SAT Sun-synch, low-Earth, polar orbit MetOp is part of the European contribution to a co-operative venture with NOAA through the Initial Joint Polar Satellite System (IJPS) METEOR- 3M (??) Russia METEOR-3M measures temp & humidity profiles, clouds, surface properties, & high energy particles in the upper atmosphere. ITM Operational Satellites * Worldwide operational satellite programs are existing resources proven to enable scientific discoveries that will feed directly back into working models of the space environment. They give essential contextual and stand-alone information on space weather & climate. Will there be COSMIC-2, ACE & C/NOFS replacements from NOAA?

10. Possible ILWS Coordinating Activities in ITM Largest immediate gains: Pursue interagency and international agreements that enable access to, and use of, operational data for scientific purposes in ways that do not create national security concerns. Can ILWS actually influence payload selections on these operational satellites? Take advantage of rides of opportunity to build constellation-type missions for ITM global observations. ILWS can provide a framework for linking these efforts, which may each involve a limited number of parameters, to create a multi-parameter simultaneous view of the dynamical behavior of the ITM. Mechanisms for continuity of essential long-term data sets: Identify essential long-term data sets using ILWS as an international forum. Some work on this was done within CAWSES-1. Consider mechanisms to add instrumentation where possible on mission payloads to continue these data sets Enhance communication with ground-based networks: Create a framework to disseminate information to existing ground-based networks about opportunities for synergistic investigations with satellite missions in ILWS. These networks for example might provide global contextual information during space weather events. Maybe this could be done through CAWSES-II or SCOSTEP? One Worldwide Data Environment: Provide a forum to disseminate information about, and develop linkages between, ongoing data environment developments in Heliophysics worldwide.