1. Bringing the Cold War to a Close Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, & Bush I

2. The 70’s Economy poor-high inflation Economy poor-high inflation Gas crisis Gas crisis End Vietnam War End Vietnam War Political scandals Political scandals Foreign conflicts Foreign conflicts

3. Richard Nixon Elected 1968 Elected 1968 VP Gerald Ford VP Gerald Ford Conservative Republican Conservative Republican Secretary of State Kissinger starts policy realpolitik (U.S. should not base foreign policy on principles only national interest) Secretary of State Kissinger starts policy realpolitik (U.S. should not base foreign policy on principles only national interest) Ex-don’t fight communism unless something in it for us Ex-don’t fight communism unless something in it for us

4. Nixon Vietnamization Vietnamization SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks -In Moscow with Brezhnev -Limit building new defense & offensive weapons (By now we have ABM- antiballistic missile-which are defense weapons)

5. Nixon OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exportation Countries) OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exportation Countries) -Because of US support for Israel during Yom Kippur War, Arab nations place embargo on US for oil -Caused high gas prices, long lines, and increase cost of products due to shipping (led to gas crisis)

6. Nixon Environment Environment -After Silent Spring pass Clean Air Act to regulate air pollution and establishes the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Space Race Space Race -Apollo 11 get to the moon 1969 Economy Economy -Time of inflation & rising prices 26 th Amendment-changed voting age to 18 after Vietnam War 26 th Amendment-changed voting age to 18 after Vietnam War

7. Watergate 5 men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee Office at Watergate 5 men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee Office at Watergate Investigate further involvement through presidential tapes Investigate further involvement through presidential tapes Nixon resigns August 1974 Nixon resigns August 1974 Gerald Ford becomes president Gerald Ford becomes president

8. Gerald Ford VP to Nixon VP to Nixon 1974-1977 1974-1977 Pardoned Nixon Pardoned Nixon

9. Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 1977-1981 Democrat Democrat VP Walter Mondale VP Walter Mondale

10. Foreign Policy Camp David Accords: In Maryland, met with Egyptian President al- Sadat & P.M. Begin from Israel Camp David Accords: In Maryland, met with Egyptian President al- Sadat & P.M. Begin from Israel 1. Would recognize each other as a country 1. Would recognize each other as a country 2. Resolve issues in Palestine 2. Resolve issues in Palestine 3. Agree to a peace treaty 3. Agree to a peace treaty

11. Foreign Policy Panama Canal: treaty gave the canal back to Panama in 1999 Panama Canal: treaty gave the canal back to Panama in 1999 SALT II: extended SALT I limited certain kinds of nuclear weapons SALT II: extended SALT I limited certain kinds of nuclear weapons

12. Soviets Invade Afghanistan 1978 coup overthrows government 1978 coup overthrows government 1979 Soviets invade to help stabilize communist rule 1979 Soviets invade to help stabilize communist rule U.S. will help fund rebels against Soviets U.S. will help fund rebels against Soviets * Osama Bin Laden & Taliban will come into the picture * Osama Bin Laden & Taliban will come into the picture

13. Iranian Hostage Crisis 1979: Shah ousted from power 1979: Shah ousted from power Islamic leader Ayatollah Khomeini comes to power & preaches anti- American sentiment Islamic leader Ayatollah Khomeini comes to power & preaches anti- American sentiment Shah comes to US for medical treatment Shah comes to US for medical treatment Nov. 4 angry Iranians invade US embassy and take 66 Americans hostage Nov. 4 angry Iranians invade US embassy and take 66 Americans hostage Send military and helicopter crash causes 8 deaths Send military and helicopter crash causes 8 deaths * Hostages will not all be released until Jan. 20, 1981 under Reagan * Hostages will not all be released until Jan. 20, 1981 under Reagan

14. Title IX 1972: Can not discriminate against gender in school activities 1972: Can not discriminate against gender in school activities 1979: extended to sports 1979: extended to sports

15. Policies of Carter Humanitarian Humanitarian Encouraged Americans to save energy and not rely on Middle Eastern oil Encouraged Americans to save energy and not rely on Middle Eastern oil Time of high inflation, prices, and unemployment Time of high inflation, prices, and unemployment

16. Fashion & Fads of the 70s

17. Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 1981-1989 Republican Republican VP George Bush Sr. VP George Bush Sr.

18. Assassination Attempt Did he break the “O” factor? March 1981-just 69 days into office John Hinckley Jr shots 6 as Reagan leaves speech Just missed heart and lodged in lung “Honey, I forgot to duck”

19. Sandra Day O’Connor 1981-First Female Supreme Court Justice 1981-First Female Supreme Court Justice

20. Reaganomics Supply-side economics Supply-side economics Tax cuts to business and wealthy will trickle down to the poor Tax cuts to business and wealthy will trickle down to the poor Business will hire more workers and rich will invest Business will hire more workers and rich will invest Cut government spending yet increased military spending Cut government spending yet increased military spending

21. Cold War Policies Strategic Defense Initiative: known as Star Wars wanted to build shield in space Strategic Defense Initiative: known as Star Wars wanted to build shield in space Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union Glasnost and Perestroika: Glasnost and Perestroika: -has free elections -stops censorship

22. Lebanon Civil War between Muslims & Christians Civil War between Muslims & Christians Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) used Lebanon as base to attack Israel Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) used Lebanon as base to attack Israel 1983 send Marines 1983 send Marines October 1983 suicide bomber kills 241 Marines by driving into Beirut barracks October 1983 suicide bomber kills 241 Marines by driving into Beirut barracks

23. Nicaragua 1979 communist group overthrows dictator of Nicaragua U.S. funds an opposition group called the Contras trained by CIA Congress bans funding of Contras after secret activities are done *Led to Iran Contra Hearing

24. Iran-Contra Affair 1985: US sells weapons to Iran for release of hostages Money is used to fund Contras in Nicaragua against the Congressional ban Colonel Oliver North tried, convicted, & overturned Could not prove Reagan involved

25. HIV & AIDS 1981: HIV is discovered 1981: HIV is discovered Immune disorder Immune disorder 25 mil. People have died between 1981-2006 25 mil. People have died between 1981-2006

26. George Bush Sr. 1989-1993 1989-1993 Republican Republican VP Dan Quayle VP Dan Quayle

27. End of the Soviet Union By 1989 the Berlin Wall falls Eastern European countries like Poland elect a president (Lech Walesa) or go through revolt (Czechoslovakia & Romania) Gorbachev ousted in 1991 Boris Yeltsin becomes leader *The Soviet Union is no more and the Cold War ends

28. China April 1989 college students led pro- democracy protest in Tiananmen Square in capital of Beijing June 4 tanks sent in open fire killing hundreds US places arms embargo on China

29. Panama Manuel Noriega- head of Panama military in 1980s Smuggled drugs to US US marine killed in Dec. 1989 arrested by US *Played Metallica to get him out Convicted & jailed-now lives in Paris

30. Operation Desert Storm August 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait August 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait Give Jan. 15, 1991 deadline Give Jan. 15, 1991 deadline On Feb 23-US, Britain, France, & Arab countries invade Iraq On Feb 23-US, Britain, France, & Arab countries invade Iraq 128 Americans killed 128 Americans killed Iraq forces retreat Iraq forces retreat *Some Americans felt Bush should have continued to go after Saddam *Some Americans felt Bush should have continued to go after Saddam

31. Space Race Space shuttle-first reusable space craft Space shuttle-first reusable space craft April 1981-Columbia April 1981-Columbia Jan 28, 1986-Challenger explodes on lift-off Jan 28, 1986-Challenger explodes on lift-off Christa McAuliffe -1 st civilian in space and teacher killed Christa McAuliffe -1 st civilian in space and teacher killed http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=AfnvFnzs91s http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=AfnvFnzs91s http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=AfnvFnzs91s http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=AfnvFnzs91s

32. Fads & Fashion of the 80s Hair Bands Poison, Bon Jovi, Motley Crue FashionAtari

33. 9/11 Sept. 11, 2001 Sept. 11, 2001 World Trade Centers attacked World Trade Centers attacked Mastermind Al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden Mastermind Al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden Killed May 2, 2011 Killed May 2, 2011

34. Operation Iraq Freedom 2003 Second Gulf War Second Gulf War Began March 20, 2003 Began March 20, 2003 Led by G.W.Bush (U.S) & Prime Minister Tony Blair (Great Britain) Led by G.W.Bush (U.S) & Prime Minister Tony Blair (Great Britain)

35. Suspicions: Thought had Weapons of Mass Destruction Thought had Weapons of Mass Destruction In 2002, allowed U.N. inspection and nothing found In 2002, allowed U.N. inspection and nothing found May have stopped in 1991 after 1st Gulf War May have stopped in 1991 after 1st Gulf War Funding Al-Qaeda? (Not proven) Funding Al-Qaeda? (Not proven) Funding Palestinian suicide bombers Funding Palestinian suicide bombers

36. The Kurds Between 1986-1989 Saddam’s regime targeted the Kurds Between 1986-1989 Saddam’s regime targeted the Kurds Al-Anfal Campaign: Recognized as the Kurdish genocide targeted Kurds in Northern Iraq (Deaths unknown ~182,000 to 1.2-2.1 million) Al-Anfal Campaign: Recognized as the Kurdish genocide targeted Kurds in Northern Iraq (Deaths unknown ~182,000 to 1.2-2.1 million) Halabja Gas Attack: March 16, 1988 at end of Iran-Iraq War (~5,000 killed; many more injured) Halabja Gas Attack: March 16, 1988 at end of Iran-Iraq War (~5,000 killed; many more injured)

37. Fallujah First battle April 2003 after invaded First battle April 2003 after invaded March 31, 2004-4 Blackwater employees killed, burned and hung from bridge over Euphrates March 31, 2004-4 Blackwater employees killed, burned and hung from bridge over Euphrates Led to two U.S. invasions and siege of city Led to two U.S. invasions and siege of city Insurgents hid in mosques Insurgents hid in mosques U.S. reportedly used white phosphorous gas U.S. reportedly used white phosphorous gas 60% city destroyed; 6,000 civilian deaths 60% city destroyed; 6,000 civilian deaths

38. Results: Baghdad fell on April 9th (Saddam ruled 24 years) Baghdad fell on April 9th (Saddam ruled 24 years) April 15th invasion declared over (????) April 15th invasion declared over (????) December 13, 2003 Saddam captured December 13, 2003 Saddam captured Hung December 30, 2006 Hung December 30, 2006