1. The Geological Time Scale
8-2.4 Recognize the relationship among the units—era, epoch, and period—into which the geologic time scale is divided.
8-2.5 Illustrate the vast diversity of life that has been present on Earth over time by using the geologic time scale.
8-2.2 Summarize how scientists study Earth’s past environment and diverse life-forms by examining different types of fossils (including molds, casts, petrified fossils, preserved and carbonized remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils).
8-2.3 Explain how Earth’s history has been influenced by catastrophes (including the impact of an asteroid or comet, climatic changes, and volcanic activity) that have affected the conditions on Earth and the diversity of its life-forms.

2. Events in Your Life ___When you started second grade
Construct a timeline of the important events in your life. Be sure to include all of the events listed below and any other events you feel are important. Your timeline should be constructed TWO ways:
Numerical Order (use actual dates)
Sequential Order (most recent at top)
___When you started second grade
___When you were born
___ When you started kindergarten
___When you learned to ride a bike.
___ When you learned to walk.
___ When you learned to read.
___ When you lost your first tooth.
___ Today’s date.

5. What is the Earth’s time scale?
The Geological time scale is a record of the life forms and geological events in Earth’s history.
Scientists developed the time scale by studying rock layers and fossils world wide.
Radioactive dating helped determine the absolute divisions in the time scale.

8. Divisions of Geologic Time
Eras are subdivided into periods...periods are subdivided into epochs.
Era
Period
Epoch
E + P = EP

9. Divisions of Geologic Time
Geological time begins with Precambrian Time. Precambrian time covers approximately 88% of Earth’s history.

11. FOUR Eras… PRE-CAMBRIAN – 88% of earth’s history
Paleozoic (ancient life)
544 million years ago…lasted 300 million yrs
Mesozoic (middle life)
245 million years ago…lasted 180 million yrs
Cenozoic (recent life)
65 million years ago…continues through present day

12. Today…
Today we are in the Holocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era.
Which unit is the largest?
Which unit is the smallest?

14. Paleozoic Era (Ancient Life)
The Cambrian period is the 1st period of the Paleozoic Era. “Age of the Trilobites”
Explosion of life in the oceans began during this era.
Most of the continents were covered in warm, shallow seas.
Invertebrates were dominate - Trilobites
Fish emerged during this time
Fish led to the arrival of amphibians
The end of the Paleozoic era is called the “Age of Amphibians”
Early land plants including mosses, ferns and cone-bearing plants.
The early coal forming forests were also formed during this time.

15. Paleozoic Era
Much of the limestone quarried for building and industrial purposes, as well as the coal deposits of western Europe and the eastern United States, were formed during the Paleozoic.
The Cambrian (beginning) opened with the breakup of the world-continent Rodinia and closed with the formation of Pangaea, as the Earth's continents came together once again.
This event is thought to have caused the climate changes that led to mass extinction event.
The Appalachian mountains were formed during this time.

16. Paleozoic Era
At the end of the Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped out approximately 90% of all marine animal species and 70% of land animals.
Possible causes of this Mass Extinction Event
Lowering of sea levels when the continents were rejoined as Pangaea (convergent boundary)
Increased volcanic activity (ash and dust)
Climate changes – cooler climate

17. Trilobites Lived in Earth’s ancient seas
Extinct before the dinosaurs came into existence
Cambrian Period is know as the “Age of the Trilobites” (put in on table)

18. Brachiopods
Marine animals that resemble clams.

19. Early Fish Early fish did not have jaws.
Some species of sharks were in existence at this time.

20. Frilled Shark that was found in Japan in January 2007
Frilled Shark that was found in Japan in January This shark was considered a “living fossil”

21. Early Land Plants
Mosses
Cone bearing plants
Ferns

22. Mesozoic Era – Middle Life
At the beginning of this era the continents were joined as Pangaea.
Pangaea broke up around the middle of this era.
Reptiles became the most abundant animals because of their ability to adapt to the drier climate of the Mesozoic Era.
Skin maintains body fluids
Embryos live in shells

23. Mesozoic Era Dinosaurs were also very active in this era.
First small dinosaurs appeared in the Triassic Period.
Larger and more abundant dinosaurs appeared in the Jurassic Period.
Small mammals and birds also appeared during this era.
The mammals were small, warm-blooded animals. Hair covering their bodies.
These characteristics help them survive in changing environments.

27. Mesozoic Era
The main plant life of this time were Gymnosperms or plants that produce seeds, but no flowers.
Pine Trees
Flowering plants appeared during the END of this era.

28. Mesozoic Era
This era ended with a mass extinction event about 65 million years ago.
Many groups of animals, including the dinosaurs disappeared suddenly at this time.
Many scientists believe that this event was caused by a comet or asteroid colliding with the Earth.

33. Crater sites on Earth

34. Mesozoic Era – Mass Extinction Event
Asteroid or Comet collides with Earth.
Huge cloud of smoke and dust fills the air
Blocks out sunlight
Plants die
Animals that eat plants die
Animals that eat plant-eaters die.
However, not all forms of life died during this event. Many animals that you see today are descendants from the survivors of this extinction event.

35. Dinosaurs

36. Mesozoic Reptiles

37. Mesozoic Mammals

39. Mesozoic Plants
Flowering plants evolved towards the end of the Mesozoic Era.

40. Cenozoic Era – Recent Life
Began about 65 million years ago and continues today!!!!!
Climate was warm and mild.
Marine animals such as whales and dolphins evolved.
Mammals began to increase and evolve adaptations that allowed them to live in many different environments – land, air and the sea.
Grasses increased and provided a food source for grazing animals
Many mountain ranges formed during the Cenozoic Era
Alps in Europe and Himalayas in India; Rocky Mountains in the USA

41. Cenozoic Era
Growth of these mountains may have helped to cool down the climate
Ice Ages occurred late in the Cenozoic Era (Quaternary Period).
As the climate changed, the animals had to adapt to the rise and fall of the oceans caused by melting glaciers.
This era is sometimes called the “Age of Mammals”

42. Cenozoic Era Marine animal examples: Land animal examples:
Algae, Mollusks, Fish and Mammals
Land animal examples:
Bats, Cats, Dogs, Cattle and Humans
Humans are thought to have appeared around 3.5 million years ago (during the most recent period – Quaternary).
Flowering plants were now the most common plant life.

43. Cenozoic Mammals

44. Flowering Plants were common during the Cenozoic Era

45. Life forms found in each Era
On your worksheet,:
- List Geologic Events found in
each Era.
- List Life forms found in each Era.
- Draw pictures of Life Forms…
Make sure you are putting them in the correct block!!