1. Overview I: Atmospheric Sciences at a Glance

2. The mission of the atmospheric sciences is to understand and predict weather, climate, and related disasters

3. Radiation Cloud/precipitation Shallow convection Boundary layer turbulence Mesoscale convective system Thunderstorm Tornado Heat wave Midlatitude cyclone Tropical cyclone Diurnal variation Madden-Julian Oscillation Tropical waves Annular modes 100,000yr100yr10yr1yr1mon1day1min1sec10 -15 sec Global climate system Globe Continent State City Football field 1 mm 1  m Spatial Scale Time Scale 10 -4  m Composition Monsoon ENSO QBO Global warming AMO PDO Ice age Glacial cycle Abrupt change Weather Climate Climate Change

4. Weather-related Disasters: Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones) Global distribution of the paths of major tropical cyclones during the last 150 years. On average, ~ 80 per year around the world. U.S. Fatalities: normal year 21, Katrina 1836 U.S. Property loss: normal year $5400 million, Katrina $84000 million

5. Weather-related Disasters: Tornadoes U.S. Annual mean fatalities 56, annual mean loss $777 million

6. Weather-related Disasters: Winter Storms U.S. Annual mean fatalities 57, annual mean loss $329 million

7. Weather-related Disasters in US Hurricanes Blizzards Extreme cold Flooding Lightning Fire Tornadoes Hails

8. Climate-related Disasters over the world Example 1: El Nino

9. Climate-related Disasters over the world Example 2: Global Warming

11. Effects on society Hurricane Sandy in 2012 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeaG1jRLIBw

12. Weather/Climate and Business - Insurance companies History of Atlantic hurricane activity The $15 billion insurance loss of Hurricane Andrew in 1992 led to the insolvency of 12 insurance companies and significant market disruption.

13. Climate Change & Economy/Engineering - Green Economy Renewable energy Green buildings Clean transportation Water management Waste management Land management

14. Weather/climate and International Relationships: Water conflict From The African Water Page Six nations share the watershed of the Mekong, which is affected by unconstrained development, natural droughts, and climate change

15. Climate and History/Politics - Collapse of Maya civilization and Chinese ancient dynasties Droughts

16. The Atmospheric Sciences: Predicting weather and climate Video: Flying into hurricanes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAy fHqEW3gkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAy fHqEW3gk

17. The modern climatology (meteorology) was born in the 1940s (a very young science!), but has been growing very fast! Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898-1957) Generally considered as the “father of modern meteorology”. Founder of the “Chicago School of Meteorology”.

18. Observing the atmosphere: Surface weather stations

19. Observing the atmosphere: Upper-air sounding stations

20. Observing the atmosphere: Weather Radar First weather radar (NOAA NSSL) Current NEXRAD Doppler radar (NOAA NWS)

21. Observing the atmosphere: Shipborne radar From Mapes and Lin (2005)

22. Observing the atmosphere: Aircraft NOAA P3 NASA unmanned Global Hawk used for hurricane research (from NASA)

23. NASA’s Earth Observation System A-Train Satellites Observing the atmosphere: Satellite TIROS-1 (1960) World’s first weather satellite

24. Climate Modeling on World’s Fastest Supercomputers Japan’s Earth Simulator (World’s #1 in 2004, #20 now) OSC’s new IBM machine World’s top 50 now

25. World’s Major Climate Modeling Centers

26. Summary The mission of meteorology is to understand and predict weather- and climate-related disasters (e.g. tornados, hurricanes, El Nino and global warming). 3 scales: weather, climate, climate change The modern climatology (meteorology) was born in the 1940s (a very young science!), but has been growing very fast! Now we have a global observational network with many satellites, ships, radars and surface stations, as well as very comprehensive prediction models running on the world ’ s largest computers.