1. “Gunpowder” Empires

2. Why was the West Advancing? How did the Renaissance contribute? How did the Reformation contribute? How did Exploration & Absolutism contribute? Why did China fall behind? What factors led to China not dominating the West?

3. Why The West Was Advancing Renaissance –Humanism & the individual, classicism, secularism Reformation –Questioning (due to Middle Ages) –Competition for followers, missionary work Exploration & Absolutism –Spread of influence –Wealth from empire –Expansion of navy & army –Individual competition, national competition –Gain of knowledge (technology, science, medicine)

4. Why China Fell Behind No exploration, expansion of influence No competition for wealth, power (no need to enhance military, navy) No foreign influence (new tech., knowledge)

5. The Anatolian Turks No central power “ghazis” or warriors for Islam Military societies led by emir, or chief commander Strict Islamic code of conduct Raided territories of “infidels”

6. Osman’s State a.k.a. Othman – most successful ghazi –Followers known as Ottomans Military  use of gunpowder –Replaced archers on horseback w/musket-carrying foot-soldiers –Among the 1 st to use cannons as weapons of attack

7. Ottoman Conquest Osman’s son Orkhan I declared himself sultan (“overlord”, “one with power”) Ottomans acted kindly towards conquered people –Local officials appointed by sultan –Improved the lives of peasants

8. Tamerlane Timur the Lame = rebellious warrior from Samarkand in C. Asia –Europeans called him Tamerlane Burned Baghdad & crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara (1402) This defeat halted Ottoman expansion

9. Summary Questions How was the Anatolian Turk society organized? Why was Osman’s military successful? How did the Ottomans treat the people they conquered? What was the significance of Tamerlane?

10. Siege of Constantinople Mehmed II (“the Conqueror”)  “Give me Constantinople!” Constantinople dominated Bosporous Strait –Having control of this waterway meant controlling trade & transportation between Ottoman territories

11. The End of the Byzantine Empire

12. “Golden Horn”

13. Siege of Constantinople 1453 – began firing cannons on city walls Turkish fleet dragged 70 ships over hill on greased runners Attacked Constantinople from two sides After 7 weeks, Turks found break in wall & entered city Mehmed II opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions & backgrounds –Jews, Christians, Muslims, Turks, non-Turks helped rebuild city, now known as Istanbul

14. Hagia Sophia

15. Hagia Sophia - interior

16. Ottomans & Islam Selim the Grim defeated Safavids of Persia Conquered holiest cities of Islam  Mecca & Medina Captured Cairo, the intellectual center of Muslim world

17. Suleyman Suleyman “the Magnificent” Great military leader –Dominated Mediterranean –Controlled trade routes Moved northward into Hungary & Austria –Threatened central Europe Most powerful monarch of the time

18. Suleyman the Lawgiver Created law code to handle both criminal and civil actions –Simplified system of taxation –Reduced gov’t bureaucracy Bettered the daily life of almost every citizen

19. Summary Questions What was the advantage to taking Constantinople? How was Mehmed II able to conquer Constantinople? What was the significance of Mehmed’s military conquests? Why was Suleyman given the name “lawgiver”? Specific reasons

20. Structured Social Organization Palace bureaucracy staffed by 20,000 personal slaves Policy of devshirme  army drafted boys from conquered Christian territories –Educated, converted to Islam, trained as soldiers Elite force of 30,000 soldiers known as janissaries were trained to be loyal to sultan only Christian families sometimes bribed officials to take their children

21. Structured Social Organization Suleyman required to follow Islamic law –Granted freedom of worship to other religious communities Treated communities as millets or nations –The heads of the millets reported back to sultan –Minimized conflict between various religions

22. Cultural Flowering Suleyman studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics, architecture Employed Sinan, one of world’s finest architects, to build Mosque of Suleyman –Complex w/domes, includes four schools, library, bath, hospital Art & literature flourished Painters & poets used foreign influences to express Ottoman ideas

23. Why Didn’t Ottomans Dominate the West? Military weakness –Europeans were surpassing Muslim technologies (navy) –Collapse of janissary system – too involved in politics –Tamerlane halts expansion –Failure at Vienna Political weakness –Series of ineffective rulers –No expansion of influence, exploration Economic weakness –No dominance on trade Other weaknesses = no new technology/medicine

24. Ottomans exist until WWI

25. Summary Questions What were the advantages of the devshirme system for the sultan? What was the importance of Suleyman’s religious tolerance? Which cultural achievements of Suleyman’s reign were similar to the European Renaissance? What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

26. Safavid Empire

27. Isma’il & Islam Forced conversion (to Shi’ite sect), attacked Sunni Defeated by Ottomans

28. Safavid Golden Age Shah Abbas Reformed military New capital Esfahan Reformed gov’t –Punished corruption Religious toleration –Welcomed Christian religious leaders Cultural blending –Chinese potters, Armenian woven carpets

29. Decline of Safavids Weak or ineffective, corrupt, cruel leaders –Assassinations Attacks from Ottomans, Afghans

30. Main Points What similarities do you see between the “Golden Ages” of both the Ottomans & Safavids? What brings an empire to its height? What factors led to the decline of these empires? Why didn’t they dominate the West?