1. The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe
Chapter 9
Page 280

2. Section 1 The Byzantine Empire
A: Constantinople sits at crossroads
Mediterranean Sea- Black Sea
Europe and Asia
Named Constantinople after Emperor Constantine
Lasted 1000 years longer then western part of Roman Empire
City had high walls, easy to defend
Grew rich through trade

3. B. Byzantium under Justinian
Emperor Justinian
Tried to bring back Rome to its former greatness
Conquered most of original Roman territory
Would not keep long
Rebuilt Constantinople- Hagia Sophia- famous Christian temple- domed roof
Justinian’s code- Body of Civil Law

4. Justinian had absolute power- autocrat
Wife Theodora was top advisor and pursued own policies
Army and navy best in world at the time
Greek Fire
’s constant pressure from invaders would shrink and weaken empire, but would continue to exist

5. C. Byzantine Christianity
Byzantine rejected papal authority
Monarchs appointed their own patriarchs- or top religious officials
Eventually, Eastern Orthodox would differ from western Christianity
Great Schism caused of the use of icons-

6. D. Collapse Seljuk Turks push Byzantine out of Asia Minor
Surrounded the city several times, but could not take
4th Crusade- Crusaders actually sack the city
Take many of its riches back to Europe
City would never be the same
1453- Ottoman Turks capture and pillage the city
Renamed it Istanbul- Muslim city now

7. Section 2 Rise of Russia A. Geography of Russia
3 Regions
Northern forces- supplied natural resources
Southern farmland- great for growing grains- Ukraine region
Steppe- open treeless grassland, also in south but further east
Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia
Did not hinder migration
Many rivers for transportation

8. B. Kiev Kiev was first cultural center of what would become Russia
Russian are ancestors of Slavs who migrated from Poland and Belarus
Vikings would also come south
Rurik, a Viking prince, belonged to Rus tribe
Called their land Russia

9. C. Byzantines gain influence
Byzantines sent Christian missionaries to convert the Russians
Translated Bible into Cyrillic- slavic alphabet
Russians converted in large numbers and Byzantines and Russians grew close politically

10. D. Mongol Rule
1200’s- Genghis Khan led Golden Horde across Asia and Eastern Europe
Batu, his grandson, would conquer Kiev and Russia
As long as they paid tribute, Mongol conquered areas could rule themselves
Let the Russians remain Christian
However, because of Mongols, Russia would remain isolated from Europe

11. E. Moscow Princes of Moscow slowly take power
Have tributes brought to Moscow where Mongols would collect
When Mongol power declined, Moscow filled the void
Ivan the Great helped make Moscow capital and expanded Russian lands
Called himself tsar-

12. 1547, Ivan the Great first official Russian Tsar
However, his Grandson, Ivan the terrible, would turn Tsar into absolute ruler
Became unstable toward the end of his life
Had political dissenters and enemies killed
Oprichniki- agents of terror to enforce Tsars will

13. Section 3 Shaping Eastern Europe
A. Geography Shapes Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe lies on Balkan Peninsula and between Germany and Russia
Main Rivers are Vistula and Danube that flow to Baltic Sea or Black Sea
Much diversity because of location

14. B. Migrations Contribute to Diversity
Early middle ages, Slavs spread from present day Belarus
West Slavs Moved to Poland, Czeck, and Slovak Republic
South Slavs moved to Balkands

15. Area became a crossroads of Christian and Muslim traditions
Jews who were discriminated in other parts of Europe, found refuge in Poland and other Eastern Europe countries
Cracow

16. C. 3 Early Kingdoms Poland
Missionaries arrived in 900- converted to Christian
Queen Jadwiga and Duke Wladyslaw united Poland and Lithuania
Was a powerful eastern Europe kingdom
Diet-
However, location left few natural boarders, invaders and surrounding countries gobbled up Poland

17. Magyars in Hungary Raided Europe but settled in Hungary
Controlled the surrounding area
Golden Bull of 1222-
However, Mongols probably killed half of population
Eventually taken over by Ottoman turks

18. Balkan Kingdom South Slavs were ancestors of the Serbs
Serbs became Christian
Set up a Serb Kingdom in Balkan Peninsula
Adopted many of the Roman laws under Dusan
Would fall apart after invaded by Turks