1. CHAPTER 10 SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE REVEALED English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 ENGLISH FOR CAREERS, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical by Leila R. Smith Presentation design by Barbara Moran

2. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Chapter 10 helps you...  Identify and correct: Fragments FragmentsRun-ons Comma splices Comma splices  Construct complete and correct sentences  Say NO to sentence blunders and gaffes NO!

3. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Incomplete sentences are called fragments Because the sunset was beautiful. (A (A fragment fragment may seem like a sentence if it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.) Because the sunset was beautiful, we paused to watch it.

4. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The opposite of a fragment is a run-on We didn’t enjoy the hike the rain was so bad. A run-on is missing punctuation or a connecting word. We didn’t enjoy the hike because the rain was so bad. We didn’t enjoy the hike. The rain was so bad.

5. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 A comma splice is a run-on with a comma. We enjoyed sitting around the campfire, we could hear the owls. A comma splice is missing correct punctuation or a connecting word. We enjoyed sitting around the campfire; we could hear the owls. We enjoyed sitting around the campfire because we could hear the owls. We enjoyed sitting around the campfire. We could hear the owls.

6. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Basic needs of a sentence  Identity Who or what  Action Doing, having, being, helping  Independence Able to stand alone

7. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Identity: The Subject Word(s) that tell who or what the sentence is about -- always a noun or pronoun Identity: The Subject Word(s) that tell who or what the sentence is about -- always a noun or pronoun  Action: The Verb Word that tells what the subject does or has (action or having) or is (being) May also include a helping verb Action: The Verb Word that tells what the subject does does or has has (action or having) or is is (being) May also include a helping verb

8. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Independence A sentence that can stand alone and make sense Independence A sentence that can stand alone and make sense Word group with a subject and verb is a clause.Word group with a subject and verb is a clause. A clause may be eitherA clause may be either dependent (cannot stand alone and make sense) ordependent (cannot stand alone and make sense) or independent (can stand alone and make sense)independent (can stand alone and make sense) Every sentence must have at least one independent clause.

9. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 An independent clause may be used as a sentence: The camping trip was fabulous. An independent clause clause that begins with a capital letter and ends with correct punctuation is complete.

10. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 A dependent clause may NOT be used as a sentence. Dependent clauses clauses contain dependent conjunctions, such as: after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, until, when, why why (your textbook lists others) After the sunset was gone

11. is one correct method of joining two independents ; We didn’t enjoy the hike; the rain was so bad. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

12. Another way to join independents correctly is to insert a followed by one of the following conjunctions: and but yet or nor for so’ English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

13. If the independent clauses total no more than 10 or 11 words and you join them with and or or, a isn’t needed. I can bring the water and Jose can pack the food. Bring a tent or share a tent with Twileen. ’ English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

14. Transitions help readers cross over from one idea to the next closely related idea.  Make the coffee. Then I can start the eggs.  The fire is hot, yet the eggs aren’t done.  Heat butter in the pan, and then you add eggs.  It’s hard to cook in the rain. In fact, it’s impossible.  Two eggs got broken; however, there are some left. (Your textbook offers other examples) English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

15. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 When a dependent clause is connected to an independent clause, it makes a complete sentence. Use adependent conjunction. When a dependent clause is connected to an independent clause, it makes a complete sentence. Use a dependent conjunction. We threw the eggs out because of the bad taste. We threw the eggs out because of the bad taste. We haven’t eaten since dinner last night. We haven’t eaten since dinner last night. Let’s make sandwiches before going hiking. Let’s make sandwiches before going hiking.

16. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Answer: RUN-ON Birds sing they also fly. Let’s review! Guess if the following sentences are fragments, run-ons, or comma splices.

17. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Answer: COMMA SPLICE Birds sing, they also fly.

18. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Answer: FRAGMENT Even though most birds fly.

19. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Congratulations! You have seen how to  Identify and correct: Fragments FragmentsRun-ons Comma splices Comma splices  Construct complete and correct sentences  Say NO to sentence blunders and gaffes