2. GLACIERS

3. glaciology is the study of glacial activity Basic concepts Definition of glacier any moving mass of ice on Earth Classification of glaciers mountain(alpine) glaciers= formed in and restricted to the mountainous areas on Earth and comprise a small amount of total glacial ice on Earth continental glaciers=massive ice on continents comprising about 95% of total global ice

4. GLACIERS Changing of snow to ice snow fall and accumulates and contains air between flakes as more snow accumulates, snowflakes farther down are compressed forcing out a lot of the air with increasing depth and pressure, snow crystallizes to form ice, which can be considered a rock

5. GLACIERS Theories and concepts of all glacial ice growth and demise changes in temperature and/or precipitation over a long time are the two most important conditions governing the growth and demise of glacial ice continental glaciers activity on sun solar flares and sun spots some believe a long term change in solar intensity can cause a global temperature change increasing or decreasing glaciers

6. GLACIERS greenhouse effect Long term increases or decreases of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere can increase or decrease global temperatures to affect amounts of global ice increases of CO 2 : 1) burning of fossil fuels; 2) volcanic activity--emissions of CO 2 decreases of CO 2 : 1) chemical weathering of extruded igneous rocks plant use of CO 2 for photosynthesis

7. GLACIERS Donn-Ewing concept (not well accepted) land bridge across Bering Straits controls amount of precipitation in the region by allowing different temperature bodies of water (Arctic and North Pacific Ocean) to mix when land bridge is submerged ( increased precipitation)and not mix when land bridge is exposed(decreased precipitation) this idea may explain the “North American Ice Age”-- glacial ice in Greenland is a remnant of that age

8. Extent of global ice during North American Ice Age

9. GLACIERS atmospheric particulates volcanic activity on a large scale can cause large amounts of particulates in the atmosphere resulting in reflection of sun energy and cooler global temperatures plate tectonics and position of continents at polar region and variation of Earth’s orbit these 2, appear to be more popular

10. GLACIERS Position of plates before Continental Drift

11. GLACIERS Changes of Earth’s Orbital Variations 1. Tilt of Earth’s Axis of Rotation (takes about 40,000 years to cycle from minimum to maximum) maximum tilt angle can lead to a decrease of glacial activity because warmer summer temperatures melt more south polar ice minimum tilt angle can lead to an increase of glacial activity because south polar area receives less sunlight present day tilt, adjusting back from last ice age

12. GLACIERS 2. Shape of Earth’s Orbit (Eccentricity—takes about 100,000 for cycle) Eccentricity can cause a major climate change

13. GLACIERS 3. Wobble of Rotation Axis (Precession) Precession can cause global changes

14. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0073369365/student _view0/chapter16/milankovitch_c ycles.html# GLACIERS

15. MILANKOVITCH CYCLES GLACIERS each individual variation cannot explain glacial activity, but by combining them as Milankovitch did, appeared to show better results—but still debated by some

16. What about theories of growth and demise of alpine glaciers ? growth and demise of alpine glacial ice is more dependent on small term changes as in seasonal temperature and precipitation differences as is present in many global mountainous regions. There can be alpine glaciers active and caused by continental glaciations GLACIERS

17. Alpine and Continental Glacial Regiment (movement) growth and demise of glacial ice is based on rate of accumulation versus the rate of wastage(melting) for alpine and continental glaciers example of important alpine glacial areas

18. Photo of snowline and areas of accumulation and wastage for an alpine glacier GLACIERS

19. Alpine and Continental glacial flow at and below ice surface--brittle zone—crevasses at surface brittle-crevasse zone slower flow mobile ice– fastest flow A lot of friction with rocks— slowest flow

20. GLACIERS Glacial deposits and erosion features all glacial deposits (Alpine and Continental) are called drift till is non-stratified drift and comprised of non sorted or a mixture of different particle sizes (see Wentworth’s scale)-- deposited directly by the glacial ice outwash is stratified or layered drift with each layer being well sorted-- deposited directly by glacial melt water

21. Photo of till

22. Example of Non-Layered Till and Layered GLACIERS Outwash Non-sorted Till Sorted Outwash

23. GLACIERS Alpine glacial deposits and erosion features deposits--mostly till called moraine lateral moraine formed on sides of and present on surface of glacial ice and results from the plucking and pulverization of rock by the ice medial moraine formed by convergence of 2 lateral moraines from 2 ice lobes

24. GLACIERS end (terminal) moraine a ridge of deposit contouring the shape of front of glacier formed from the discharged of materials moved within the glacier like a conveyor belt represents the maximum advance position of the glacier

25. GLACIERS lateral moraine formed on sides of glacier medial moraine formed from 2 lateral moraines from intersecting glaciers terminal moraine—most forward movement of glacier

26. GLACIERS recessional moraine a deposit shaped similar to the end moraine formed during a subsequent advancement of glacier during its overall demise many recessional moraines may occur during the demise of a glacier erosion features formed from the plucking nature of the glacier

27. GLACIERS cirque semi-circular or amphitheater shaped--a tarn or cirque lake can be present --- paternoster lakes are a chain of interconnected tarns 2 cirques and tarns

28. GLACIERS horn a peaked or pointed feature resulting from the formation of a series of closely associated cirques best example is the Matterhorn Matterhorn in the Alps

29. GLACIERS arete a jagged or sawtooth ridge left between 2 glacial lobes gouging rock material as they move to a lower elevation cirques and aretes

30. GLACIERS U shaped valley is the typical shape of a valley carved by a glacier is best observed in the front profile view as you look up the valley

31. GLACIERS hanging valley formed from a glacial tributary lobe and hangs over the main glacial valley best example of this is Bridalveil Falls in Yosemite National Park

32. Review of some alpine glacial depositional and erosion features GLACIERS

33. Continental glaciers glacial ice in Antarctic and Greenland comprise more than 90% of all glacial ice on Earth if all the ice melted sea level would rise about 215 feet(195 feet from all ice associated with Antarctic and 20 feet for that from Greenland)

34. Glacial ice deposits on Antarctic and Greenland

35. Effects of continental glacial ice formation or melting on sea level GLACIERS

36. erosional features there are a few types of erosion features associated with continental glaciers like the Great Lakes and Driftless area in Wisconsin, but the depositional features are more abundant depositional features till ground moraine--an undulating massive blanket like deposit formed on ground where glacial ice was present

37. GLACIERS end moraine--see alpine notes recessional moraine--see alpine notes drumlin--a streamlined symmetric inverted spoon head shaped hill whose steep side faces the direction from which the glacier advanced---Bunker Hill in Boston is a drumlin and is where a famous Revolutionary War battle was fought

38. Field of drumlins in Baraboo, Wisconsin GLACIERS

39. Drumlins—steep side facing direction of glaciers retreat

40. GLACIERS Outwash (well sorted) outwash plain--a relatively flat massive blanket like deposit consisting of layered and well sorted particles deposited by glacial melt water in the front and sides of the glacial ice esker--a winding ridge comprised primarily of sand and gravel layers deposited by a stream flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier near its terminus

41. Esker GLACIERS

42. kame--a steep sided hill comprised of sand and gravel layers originating from the collection of sediment in openings in stagnant ice kettle hole or lake formed from a large melted block of ice buried in the ground moraine or outwash plain

43. Review of some continental glacial depositional features GLACIERS

44. kettle lakes esker drumlins recessional moraines terminal moraine