1. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous1 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Lecture 4

2. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous2 Aims of today’s lecture Prepare the Accounting for Depreciation Record the Accounting for disposal of Fixed Assets What are the Intangible fixed assets

3. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous3 Non Current Assets / Fixed Assets Non-Current Assets are distinguished from current assets by the following characteristics: -They are long-term in nature -They are not normally acquired for resale -They could be tangible or intangible -They are used to generate income directly or indirectly for a business They are not normally liquid assets: they will not easily converted into cash without a significant loss in value.

4. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous4 Fixed Assets registers

5. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous5

6. 6 Depreciation According to IAS 16 ‘Depreciation is the measure of the cost of the tangible non-current asset that has been consumed during the period’ In other words is the cost of using a fixed asset. Depreciation is recorded each year and has a dual effect: 1.Reduce the value of the fixed asset by cumulative depreciation (the act of gathering/increasing by addition) in the balance sheet to reflect the wear and tear (damage, tiring, exhausting). In accounting we use the definition ‘accumulated depreciation’ and we mean by this the total amount of the loss of the fixed asset. 2.Record the depreciation charge as an expense in the income statement.

7. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous7 Depreciation may arise from: Use Physical wear and tear Passing of time The fact that a fixed asset is old-fashion and imperfect because of the technology and market changes for e.g. the creation of a new machinery which is more specialized in a sector The purpose of the depreciation is to allocate the cost of an asset over the periods estimated to benefit from its use (the useful life) Land has an unlimited life and so does not require depreciation, but buildings should be depreciated. Depreciation of an asset begins when it is available for use.

8. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous8 Methods of calculating depreciation STRAIGHT LINE Depreciation charge is the same each year and so assumes that the benefit is consumed equally Useful for assets which provide equal benefit each year e.g. machinery REDUCING BALANCE A reducing amount of depreciation is charged each year and so assumes that more benefit is consumed in earlier years Useful for assets which provide more benefit in earlier years e.g. cars, IT equipment

9. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous9 Straight line method Depreciation Charged = Cost - Residual Value Useful life Or Depen = Cost* X% Straight line depreciation is often expressed as a percentage of original cost. Residual Value: the estimated disposal (clearance/removal) value of the asset at the end of its useful life. The residual value may be a second hand value or a scrap value: not a significant amount and is often zero. Useful Life: the estimated number of years during which the business will use the asset. The useful life does not necessarily equal the physical life of an asset. For e.g. Many business use a three year useful life for computers. This does not mean that the computer can no longer be used after three years, it means that the business is possible to replace the computer after three years due to a technological advancement.

10. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous10 Reducing balance method Depreciation Charged =Carrying value* X% Carrying value (CV) is the original cost of the fixed asset less the accumulated depreciation on the asset to date. Example 1: (reducing balance method) Chris, a trader, purchased a computer for € 1000 on August Y12 which he depreciates on the reducing balance method at 20% per annum. What is the depreciation charged for each of the first five years if the accounting year end is 31 July? Solution: Depreciation Charge Cumulative Depen 1.1000*20% 200 200 2.(1000-200)*20% 160 360 3.(1000-360)*20% 128 488 4.(1000-488)*20% 102 590 5. (1000-590)*20% 82 672

11. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous11 Fixed Assets bought or sold in the period If a fixed asset is bought or sold in the period there are two ways in which the depreciation can be calculated: a)provide a full years depreciation in the year of acquisition and none in the year of disposal. b)Monthly or pro-rata depreciation based on the exact number of months that the asset has been owned.

12. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous12 Example 2: Karen has been running a successful nursery school ‘Little Monkeys’ since Y1. She bought the following assets as the nursery grew: a new oven for the nursery kitchen at a cost of €2000 – purchased 1 ST Dec Y4 A minibus to take the children on trips for €18000 – purchased 1 ST June Y4 She depreciates the oven at 10% straight line and the minibus at 25% reducing balance. A full year depreciation is charged in the year of purchase and none in the year of disposal. What is the total depreciation charged and the accumulated depreciation for the year ended 31 st Oct Y6? Solution: Oven Accounting years Y4: 1 NovY4- 31 Oct Y5: 2000*10%=200 Y5: 1 NovY5- 31 Oct Y6: 2000*10%= 200 400

13. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous13 Minibus: Accounting years Y3: 1Nov Y3-31 Oct Y4: 18000*25%= 4500 Y4: 1Nov Y4- 31 Oct Y5: (18000-4500)*25%= 3375 Y5: 1Nov Y5- 31 Oct Y6: (18000-7875)*25%= 2531.25 10406.25 The depreciation charge for the year ended 31 st Oct Y6 is: 200+2531.25=2731.25 will go to income statement The Accumulated depreciation up to 31 st Oct Y6 is: 400+10406.25=10806.25 will go to balance sheet

14. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous14 Accounting for Deprecation Which ever method is used to calculate depreciation the accounting remains the same: Dr: Depreciation expense x Cr: Accumulated Depreciation x The depreciation expense account is an income statement account and therefore is not cumulative. The Accumulated Depreciation account is a balance sheet account and as the name suggests is cumulative: reflects all depreciation to date. On the b/ce sheet it is shown as a reduction against the cost of the fixed asset:Cost x Accum/ed Depreciation (x) Carrying Value x

15. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous15 Example 3: Santa runs a large toy shop in Windsor. In the year ended 31 st August 20X5 she bought the following fixed assets: A new cash register for €5000 was purchased on 1 Dec 20X4 and was to be depreciate at 10% straight line A new delivery van purchased on 31 st March 20X5 at a cost of €22000. The van is to be depreciate at 15% reducing balance. Santa charges depreciation on a monthly basis What is the depreciation charge for the year ended 31 st August 20X5? Show the relevant ledger accounts and statement of financial position presentation at that date.

16. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous16 Cash Register Delivery Van 1DecY4 5000 b/ce c/d 5000 31 MarY5 22000 b/ce c/d 22000 B/ce b/d 5000 B/ce b/d 22000 Depreciation expense Accumulated. Deprec 31 AugY5 Acc Dep C.R 375 Profit & Loss 1750 b/ce c/d 1750 Depr exp 1750 Acc Dep D.V 1375 1750 1750 1750 1750 B/ce b/d 1750

17. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous17 Workings: C.R 5000*10%*9/12= 375 D.V 22000*15%*5/12= 1375 Balance Sheet as at 31st August Y5 FIXED ASSETS Cost Accum. NBV Depreciation Cash Register 5000 (375) 4625 Delivery Van 22000 (1375) 20625 27000 1750 26250

18. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous18 Disposal of Fixed Assets Disposal means clearance, removal or discarding. The disposal value is important when selling an old fixed asset as a second hand asset. In a case of sale of an old fixed asset if: Proceeds>NBV/CV => PROFIT ON DISPOSAL Proceeds LOSS ON DISPOSAL Proceeds=NBV/CV => NEITHER PROFIT NOR LOSS ON DISPOSAL A disposal T account is required when selling a fixed asset. This is an income statement account which reflects any profit or loss on disposal.

19. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous19 1.Accounting for Disposal for cash 3 steps must be followed: 1.Transfer the original cost of the fixed asset to the disposal account Dr Disposal X Cr Fixed Asset X 2.Transfer accumulated depreciation of the fixed asset to the disposal account Dr. Accumulated Depreciation X Cr Disposal Account X 3. Record the Cash proceeds (income, earnings) Dr Bank account X Cr Disposal Account X The balance on the disposal T account is the profit or loss on disposal.

20. 20 2.Accounting for Disposal through a part exchange agreement (PEA) A part exchange agreement arises where an old asset is provided in part payment for a new one, the balance of the new asset being paid in cash. 4 steps must be followed: 1.Transfer the original cost of the fixed asset to the disposal account Dr Disposal X Cr Fixed Asset X 2.Transfer accumulated depreciation of the fixed asset to the disposal account Dr. Accumulated Depreciation X Cr Disposal Account X

21. 21 3.Record the part exchange allowance (PEA) as proceeds Dr New fixed asset (part of cost of new fixed asset) X Cr Disposal Account (sale proceeds of old asset) X 4. Record the cash paid for the new asset Dr New fixed Asset account X Cr Bank account X The balance on the disposal T account is the profit or loss on disposal. Disposal Account Original cost Accumulated Depreciation Profit on disposal Proceeds Loss on disposal

22. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous22 Example 4: Percy runs a landscape gardening business. On 1 st Feb 20X2 he purchased a sit-on lawnmower costing €3000. He depreciates it at 10% straight line on a monthly basis. A few years later he decides to buy a better one. He sells the old to a friend for €2000 on 31 st July 20x5 How much is charged to Percy’s income statement in respect of the asset for the year ended 31 Dec 20X5? Note: The above exercise mentions that the depreciation is charged on a monthly basis not fully the first year and none in disposal. (method b of slide 11)

23. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous23 Solution: Workings: Y2 3000*10%*11/12=275 Y3 3000*10%=300 Y4 3000*10%=300 Y5 3000*10%*7/12=175 Total depreciation 1050 Records in Year 5: Lawnmower Depreciation Y5 B/ce b/d 3000 Disposal 3000 Y5 Acc Depn 175 P&L 175 875 total for the first 3 years

24. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous24 Accumulated depreciation Y5 Disposal 1050 Y5 B/ce b/d 875 Depen up to 31 st July 175 1050 1050 Disposal Account Y5 Lawnmower 3000 Accumulated Depen 1050 Profit on Disposal 50 Bank 2000 3050 3050 Profit and Loss account for the year ended 31 st Dec Y5 Gross Profit X Add: Profit on disposal 50 Less Depreciation (175)

25. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous25 Example 5: Bindi runs a business altering and repairing clothes and when she started operation on 1 st Jan Y2 she bought a machine for 2500. She depreciates the machine using the straight-line method at a rate of 20% p.a. and she charges a full year depreciation in the year of acquisition and none in the year of disposal. In December of Y5 she decides to replace the old machine with a faster machine. The salesman has offered her a part exchange deal as follows: Part Exchange allowance for old machine 750 Balance to be paid in cash for new machine 4850 Show the ledger entries for the year ended 31 st Dec Y5.

26. 26 Solution: Workings: Y2 2500*20%=500 Y3 2500*20%=500 Y4 2500*20%=500 Y5 0 Total depreciation 1500 Records in Year 5: Old Machine Depreciation Y5 B/ce b/d 2500 Disposal 2500 Y5 Acc Depreciation for new machine 1120 P&L1120 New machine Y5 DisP-PEA 750 Bank 4850 B/ce c/d 5600 5600 5600 1500 total for the first 3 years 5600*20%

27. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous27 Accumulated depreciation Y5 Disposal 1500 Y5 B/ce b/d 1500 B/ce c/d 1120 Depen for new machine 1120 2620 2620 B/ce b/d 1120 Disposal Account Y5 old machine 2500 Accumulated Depen 1500 New Machine- PEA 750 Loss on Disposal 250 2500 2500 Profit and Loss account for the year ended 31 st Dec Y5 Gross Profit X less: Loss on disposal 250 Less Depreciation (1120)

28. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous28 Intangible Assets Intangible assets do not have a physical form. Just like any other assets, intangibles do have a value and are part of the owner’s equity of a company. Examples of Intangible Assets Patents License Copyright Goodwill Contracts Trademark Franchise Every one of the above examples plays a role in generating income. Patents for example allow a company to generate revenue with restraints on the competition. A license to sell a product, like alcohol for example, allows a business to increase revenue with the sale of alcohol.

29. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous29 Copyrights. A copyright gives its owner the exclusive right to publish and sell a musical, literary, or artistic work during the life of the creator plus 70 years, although the useful life of most copyrights is much shorter. Franchises and Licences. Franchises and Licences are rights that a company or government grants an entity to deliver a product or service under specific conditions. Trademarks and Trade Names is a symbol, name or phrase identified with a company, product or service. Goodwill typically reflects the value of intangible assets such as a strong brand name, good customer relations, good employee relations and favorable location. The evidence that goodwill exists is the proven ability to earn excess profits..

30. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous30 Depreciation and Amortization of Intangible Assets Depreciation and amortization are synonymous, it’s basically just different terms depending on the asset being devaluated. Fixed assets are depreciated and intangible assets are amortized. Other than the terminology, methods for depreciation of fixed assets can normally be applied when amortizing intangible asset. Patents, licenses, copyright, contracts and other intangible assets generally have a useful life. Even though they may have a long life in legal terms, they generally have more value (generate more revenue) in the early part of the assets life. Methods of depreciation like straight-line and other depreciation can generally be applied to the amortization of intangible assets.

31. Lecturer: Chara Charalambous31