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November 19, 2015 1 The City and Citizenship
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General Definitions a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts ("Ancient Troy was a great city" ) an incorporated administrative district established by state charter ("the city raised the tax rate" ) November 19, 2015The City and Citizenship 2
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Definitions by number of inhabitants Davis: more than 100,000 inhabitants Inhabitants of what? Formal city limits (“city proper”) What about “metropolitan areas”? (“urban agglomerations” “conurbations” “sprawl”) 262 cities in U.S. according to this 262 cities in U.S. according to this Population density Varies widely across the world and over time E.g. 1551 per sq km in Ankara, 22,658 in Mumbai Varies within cities, metro areas, etc. November 19, 2015The City and Citizenship 3
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Cities on a “scale” continuum How big (or dense) must a settlement be to count as a “city?” Hamlets v. Villages “village” has specific legal meaning in U.S. (Illinois) Town, City, County Town, township, county (legal) Town v. city (what is the difference?) Metropolis city and its satellites Megalopolis Really big metropolis? sprawl November 19, 2015The City and Citizenship 4
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Metropolitan Statistical Areas Metropolitan Statistical Area Used by Office and Management and Budget (similar to Census Bureau) “at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties. “ Examples Examples Greater New York: 18.8 million Greater Los Angeles: 12.9 million Chicagoland: 9.5 million November 19, 2015The City and Citizenship 5
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Comparing Chicago and Schaumburg Chicago 2,896,016 inhabitants 591 square kilometers 4900 inhabitants/sq km Schaumburg 75,386 inhabitants 49.5 square kilometers 1522 inhabitants/sq km Is Schaumburg a “city”? What about other places in Northwest suburbs? November 19, 2015The City and Citizenship 6
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“Urbanization” Defined by Davis (p. 19 in LeGates) “the proportion of the total population concentrated in urban settlements, or else to a rise in this proportion” Not synonymous with “urban growth” i.e. growth in population of cities “urban growth” is absolute, “urbanization” is relative Issues How many? Key index is “proportion of people living in places of 100,000 or more” (p. 19) What are the “boundaries” of “urban places?” “urban agglomerations” “urbanized areas” should suburbs be included? How/when does this relate to process of urbanization?
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Explaining “Urbanization” Process/cycle S-curve Rapid, then slows Different pace over time (early v. current) Connected to economic development Causes Birth rates and mortality rates Migration to cities from rural areas Capital improvements in agriculture (declining farm population)
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Recent Developments Urbanization in less-developed countries Birth and mortality rates comparable Faster pace Not enough migration to cities Sprawl Major issue is absolute population growth, including urban growth Density of urbanized areas declining “Polynucleated” cities in large urban areas, e.g. New York, Los Angeles (Chicago too?)
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Mumford: The City as a Social Institution City not just defined by numbers and space “The city in its complete sense, then, is a geographical plexus, an economic organization, an institutional process, a theater of social action, and an aesthetic symbol of collective unity” (p. 87) Focus on “social drama” Opportunities (!) for disharmony and conflict Reintegration of self through participation in the whole Physical organization, traffic flow, etc. must be subservient to social needs
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Appropriate Scale Determined by social relations not transport, economics, etc. Related to size, density, area Affected by technology (cars, mass communication) Growth not good per se (e.g. good for business and/or economic opportunity, p. 88) Avoid “mere massing of population” (p. 89) “Polynucleated city” November 19, 2015The City and Citizenship 11
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