1. The Industrial Revolution
AP World History

2. What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in England?
Discussion Question
What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in England?

3. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Favorable natural resources
Agricultural Revolution
Population Pressure
Growth of large manufacturing sector
Cottage industry (putting-out system)
Huge advantages in world trade
Provide necessary capital?
Technological developments
Government support of business

4. Favorable Natural Resources
Coal
Production
1750—2.5 million tons
1828—15 million tons
Technology
Originally relied upon muscle power
Later helped by animal power and carts on rail
Use of gunpowder
Iron
Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron
Better methods for smelting iron

5. Coal Mining in Britain 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

6. Agricultural Revolution
New techniques & practices
Enclosure movement-
Crop rotation
Use of horses
New technologies
Farmers treat farming as science
Jethro Tull’s seed drill
Metal farm implements
In 1700, 80% of the pop. earned its income from land, by 1800 it was 40%
Led to high productivity and low food prices (unlike France); allowed the typical family to purchase manufactured goods

7. Great Britain’s Population Growth 1500-1850

8. Growth of Manufacturing
Cottage Industry (Putting-out System)
Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home
Part-time or full-time work done by families
Women and children helped with production
Merchants distributed raw materials to spinners and weavers
Constant shortages of thread led to new ways of spinning cotton

9. Technological Advancements
Textile Industry
Spinning Jenny—1770
1 worker could run 8 spindles instead of 1
Water Frame—1779
Machine for spinning using water power
Spinning Mule—1779
Combined spinning jenny & water frame
Rise of factory system
Power Loom—1785
Not widely adopted until 1850
Led to riots by hand weavers
Other Inventions
Steam Engine—1763
James Watt made steam engines practical for running machinery
Cotton Gin—1793
Eli Whitney’s invention increased the available supply of cotton
Steamboat—1807
Robert Fulton
Locomotive—1814
George Stephenson

10. Clockwise from top left: the spinning jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom

11. Clockwise from top left: the factory system, Watt’s steam engine, and Stephenson’s locomotive

12. Government Supports Business
England’s Economic Advantages
A central bank
Well-developed credit market
Government encouraged technological change and free markets
Supported capitalism
Labor surplus
Builds railroads, canals, and better roads

13. Discussion Question
What were the positive and negative effects of early industrialization?

14. Textile Factory Workers in England
Factory System
Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

15. Textile Factory Workers
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

16. Increasing Wealth

17. Urbanization Effects related to urbanization Urban overcrowding
Poor housing & sanitation
Rising crime rates
Suburbanization
Government functions shift
Sewer systems
Housing regulations
Police forces

18. Industrial Manchester

19. Industrial Staffordshire

20. Coalbrookdale by Night

21. Problem of Pollution The Silent Highwayman – 1858
Father Thames Introduces His Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula, and Cholera) to the Fair City of London

22. The New Industrial City
Above: Early 19th century London by Gustave Dore

24. Changing Labor Conditions
Women & children are majority of laborers by 1816
Paid less
Many lived in factory dorms
Work became unpleasant
Workers separated from family
Punctuality & efficiency stressed
Poor working hours & wages, unemployment, & frequent accidents
Labor riots were common
Luddites

25. Changing Family Values
Women withdrew from formal jobs
New roles in caring for children
Moral status improved
Education stressed by middle class families
Children seen as a source of emotional satisfaction

26. Cultural Changes Rise of Mass Leisure Culture
Widespread advertising creates consumer fads (bicycle)
Newspapers become popular
Radio and motion pictures
Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing, horse racing
Family vacations for the wealthy and middle class

27. Adjustments to Industrial Life
Demographic Transition
Declining birth rates
Declining death rates for children
Family size decreases
Life expectancy increased
Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur
Women began to outlive men
Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s

28. Spread of Industrialization by 1850

29. 2nd Industrial Revolution
Scientific advances applied to industry
Major advances in physics and chemistry
Led by the U.S. and Germany
Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting to New York City in 1882
General Electric and Westinghouse become the first multinational corporations
New business structures: corporations, trusts, and cartels

30. 2nd Industrial Revolution
Advances in communications
Needed by business managers to control their many branches
Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876)
Methods of Mass Production
Electric power replaces steam power
Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913)
New waves of immigration
Global industrialization: Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Japan

31. New York City, 1910

32. Responses to Industrialization
Changes in government functions
The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850
The “Social Question”
Beginning of the welfare state
Social insurance (worker’s compensation, unemployment, etc.)
Symbolized extension of government
Corresponds with the democratization of the political system

33. Reform Movements Political Reform Movements New Political Parties
Utilitarianism
Socialism
Communism
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
New Political Parties
Socialists
Communists
Methodist Church
Karl Marx

34. Labor Reform Labor unions Reform laws
Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to push for reforms
Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions
Reform laws
Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor unions
Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor
Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children cannot work underground
British outlawed labor unions in the Combination Act of 1799; repealed the Combination Act in 1825
By 1875, British unions had a membership of about 1 million people
Most powerful union in the U.S. was the AFL

35. Democratic Reforms Great Britain United States Reform Bill of 1832
Chartist Movement
Working class suffrage in 1867
Rural laborers in 1884
United States
In 1800 property was requirement to vote
All white males could vote by mid-1850s
15th Amendment (1870)
Before 1832: 5% of all British could vote
Reform Bill of 1832: 7% could vote
After 1884: 28% could vote
By 1918: 74% could vote
Limitations to democracy: women, racism

36. Feminist Movements Goals Leadership
Sought legal and economic rights
Women’s suffrage
Leadership
Middle class women
Emmeline Pankhurst
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony
English women gain the right to vote 1918
U.S. in 1920 with the 19th amendment