1. The Three Crises of 1956 and the “Second Cold War” 1956-1963
1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956)
2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action
3) The Hungarian Uprising (July – Nov. 1956)

2. 1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956)
USSR build close relations w/ Egypt
US cancels loan for Aswan Dam
Egypt nationalized the canal
29 Oct. thru 5 Nov. – Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt
US condemns the attack in the UN
5 Nov. – Khrushchev threatens nuclear missile attacks
Cease-fire the following day

4. Israel 1949 & 1956

5. French Paratroopers in Port Said

7. 2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action
June riots in Poznan over work targets
Polish Communist Party turns to Wladyslaw Gomulka to overcome hostilities
Gomulka gives assurances that Poland would remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact
Khrushchev w/draws troops – situation in Hungary getting worse

8. Wladyslaw Gomulka – (Speech 24 October)

9. 3) The Hungarian Uprising
Late October 1956: street fighting erupts as a result of Hungarian support for Poles
Khrushchev  30,000 troops (tanks & artillery)
New government formed
Imre Nagy – Communist reformer

10. Hungarians in Budapest 1956

11. Imre Nagy

13. 3) The Hungarian Uprising –Nagy Threatens Soviet Power
He went further than Gomulka in his demands
Nagy:
1) Called for the removal of Soviet troops
2) Sought the neutralization of Hungary
3) Announced plans for the withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact
4) Planned to share power with non- Communist groups

14. The Soviet Response Early November: Soviet troops invade Hungary
Deposed Nagy - later executed
Imposed Janos Kadar (loyal to Moscow) as premier

15. Janos Kadar in 1958

16. Memorial to the Hungarian revolutionaries in Cleveland, Ohio.