1. 2015/11/191 5. Social trends and the inclusive city City population growth and social development are also closely linked. The NSDP shows that when unemployment is as serious everywhere, migration becomes more sensitive to non-economic factors Economic development and social development are also linked. It is not a waste of valuable resources to focus on the social, when it helps build the middle class consumer and entrepreneur of tomorrow Key issues examined in report: Infrastructure development Distribution of wealth and opportunity, and burden of costs Human development Spatial disadvantage Security against risk Quality of life

2. 2015/11/192 5. Social trends and the inclusive city City municipalities have made good progress in infrastructure development. Across 9 cities, numbers of people served have increased dramatically in 96-01 However population trends mean some proportions served remain same or have declined, ie the backlogs persist

3. 2015/11/193 5. Social trends and the inclusive city There are obviously differences between municipalities And differences within service levels Although the number of households with water on site (ie in yard or in dwelling) increased between 96-01, this was mostly made up of new yard connections The number of households with water in-dwelling decreased by 121 565 Partly due to movement of 478 922 households out of backyard accommodation in 1996-2001

4. 2015/11/194 5. Social trends and the inclusive city There are key differences between municipalities in the allocation of resources to social facilities City of Joburg Cape TownEkurhuleni Nelson Mandela Msunduzi Total rates per capita 2002/03R 653.97R 640.24R 444.60R 367.56R 405.55 % CapX on comm. projects 02/037.83%3.72%2.79%8.28%11.41% CapX / p on comm. projects 02/03R 29.10R 24.01R 7.86R 35.78R 37.61 Establishment Of Parks And GardensR 7.74R 3.21R 0.15R 8.29R 5.19 Sports FieldsR 8.92R 6.58R 2.94R 10.96R 5.63 Community HallsR 5.87R 0.75R 2.09R 0.49R 4.76 LibrariesR 1.65R 0.54R 0.24R 0.39R 11.35 Recreation FacilitiesR 0.60R 3.83R 0.92R 2.52R 1.84 ClinicsR 2.23R 4.02R 0.55R 2.17R 0.58 Museums and Art GalleriesR 0.91R 2.36R 0.97R 7.50R 0.00 OtherR 1.19R 2.73R 0.00R 3.45R 8.25

5. 2015/11/195 5. Social trends and the inclusive city There are still large differences in access to services across racial groups

6. 2015/11/196 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Average household income in cities grew from R48 291 to R71 835 per annum 1996-2001. But … 179,6% increase in households reporting no income Declines in percentage of households at middle income levels Increase in dependency ratio from 3.13 to 3.41 (in some cities > 5)

7. 2015/11/197 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Living in the city has become more ‘costly’ over time JoburgeThekwiniEkurhleniNel Mand Average mnthly account for small hshldsR 313.24R 455.70R 399.73R 396.96 Annual hsh income R 1–R 4 800 (median = R267/m)117.47%170.89%149.90%148.86% Annual hsh income R 4 801–R 9 600 (median = R600/m)52.21%75.95%66.62%66.16% Annual hsh income R 9 601–R 19 200 (median = R1131/m)27.69%40.28%35.33%35.09% Annual hsh income R 19 201–R 38 400 (median = R2263/m)13.84%20.14%17.67%17.54% Annual hsh income R 38 401–R 76 800 (median = R4526/m)6.92%10.07%8.83%8.77% Annual hsh income R 76 801–R 153 600 (median = R9051/m)3.46%5.03%4.42%4.39% Urban living costs include actual costs, transaction costs, and the opportunity costs of vulnerability. These costs bear heavily on those trying to move out of poverty. Need for a ‘social package’ very NB

8. 2015/11/198 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Spatial exclusion is worsening as people without employment and opportunities are pushed to edges of cities A picture of locational disadvantage in Ekurhuleni

9. 2015/11/199 5. Social trends and the inclusive city With spatial exclusion comes higher costs in terms of both time and resources Average travel time (work in minutes) 50 Average travel time (education in minutes) 28 Average travel cost (work R/month) R 186 Average travel cost (education R/month) R 151 Commuters spending +10% of income on work trip 48% % of all trips Average travel time in mins Average cost One taxi all the way24.36%48.7R 3.11 Taxi - taxi8.88%77.5R 6.06 One train all the way3.76%73.1R 2.23 One bus all the way3.70%55.5R 4.06 Taxi - train1.63%83.8R 4.40 Train - taxi0.66%98.7R 5.04 Taxi - taxi - taxi0.57%98.8R 8.33 Train - train0.47%101.2R 2.81 Taxi - bus0.36%84.9R 6.48 Bus - bus0.30%85.4R 6.45 Taxi - train - taxi0.28%114.9R 8.24 Times and costs from the Johannesburg ITP

10. 2015/11/1910 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Key indicators of levels of human development Approx 55 infant deaths per 1000 live births in a number of cities Most cities have HIV prevalence rates of 29% - 32%, rising to 36% in one city TB incidence rates range from 251/100 000 population to 1470/100 000 in one city Life expectancy estimates range from 54yrs to as low as 43yrs But very good news on education!

11. 2015/11/1911 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Most residents in the cities do not have any formal security against risk 67,75% are not covered for any risk Only 26,05% are members of medical aid Also, 43,13% have no access to banking facilities of any kind Only 5,45% have a home loan

12. 2015/11/1912 5. Social trends and the inclusive city Quality of life is a subjective measure of sense of well- being in the city. It refers to a number of things, not just whether residents have access to services. Sense of personal dignity esp regard access to socio-economic rights Convenience, relative to costs, of living in the city. And perceived value for money of where living Sense of belonging in the city & connectedness to a neighbourhood Voice & degree of influence over social processes that impact on life General satisfaction with standard of living, and capacity to realistically aspire to a better standard Do you think your children’s lives will be better or worse than your own life? Their lives will be better73,2% Their lives will be the same6,4% Their lives will be worse10,6% Don’t know / refused answer9,8%