1. EXPLORATION (SS8H1b) (SS8H1b) – The student will evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando De Soto.

2. In the 15 th century, the Native American were developing traditions in America, while European nations were much more advanced and in competition with one another for wealth and military might. However, even the most modern countries did not have electricity and sewage systems.

3. In the 1200s explorer Marco Polo traveled the known world. News of fantastic riches and spices in the east (the east was simply called India) was spread through an account of his travels. In Europe, demand for spices & silks increased.

4. For centuries, Europeans traveled Polo's route the Silk Road – to trade with the East.

5. Problems with the Silk Route It was a 4,000 mile journey to Asia by land. Difficult journey through mountains and deserts. By the 1400s, the Silk Road was controlled by Muslims and was infested with bandits. It was no longer safe for Europeans.

6. For centuries, the people in the East had no idea that the west existed. Europeans wanted luxurious items from Asia. They were trying to find a water route to buy these goods EAST WEST

7. So, the hunt was on for a faster, safer route to Asia by sea and the Age of Exploration began. Fears of the Europeans: Belief that the world was flat The equator = death Really expensive Sea monsters The Race was On!!

10. ExplorerYearsNationalityAchievement Christopher Columbus 1492 - 1502 Italy -Landed in San Salvador (Bahamas) -Central, South America, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Virgin Islands. John Cabot 1497Italy-Discovered Newfoundland in present day Canada. Amerigo Vespucci 1499Italy -Navigator who gave his name to the new world, America Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1513Spain -Crossed the isthmus of Panama Ponce de Leon 1513 Spain Discovered Florida Hernando Cortes 1539Spain-Mexico, conquered Aztecs and won gold and silver treasures. Ferdinand Magellan 1522 Portugal Reached Asia by sailing west Francisco Pizarro 1535Spain -West coast of South America. Defeated the Incas capturing the largest silver mine in the world. Jacques Cartier 1534 - 1536 France Explored St. Lawrence Rive and gave Canada its name. Hernando De Soto 1539 -SpainLanded in Florida and explored Georgia

11. Four European Powers in a race for Exploration

12. The most powerful kingdoms were: PORTUGAL

13. The most powerful kingdoms were: SPAIN

14. The most powerful kingdoms were: FRANCE

15. The most powerful kingdoms were: ENGLAND

16. Portugal’s Prince Henry (The Navigator)was committed to being the first to reach India by sea. He believed the quickest route to India was to sail around Africa. SS8H1 – The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia.

17. Spanish Claims Portuguese Claims Portugal started off as the strongest nation in exploration until they were inadvertently kicked out of the race by Pope Alexander the VI who drew the Line of Demarcation. His purpose was to keep the Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal from going to war, but he instead ensured that Spain would be the world power. Spain claimed all of the lands in the New World

18. With the exception of a small portion of land in South America (modern-day Brazil), the Portuguese were forbidden to settle in the New World because of the Line of Demarcation. Spanish Claims Portuguese Claims

19. Not to be outdone by the Portuguese, Spanish rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, were desperate to find a water route to India. They hired Italian Christopher Columbus. Columbus believed that the earth was round, smaller than most people believed, and Asia was much larger. He believed the quickest way to India was to sail west. The monarch of Spain agreed to finance his excursion.

20. “ Spain in the time of Christopher Columbus was, generally, violent and unstable. Outbreaks of plague, tortures of citizens, and religious inquisitions against Jews and Muslims contributed to the turbulence. According to historians, the outbreak of diseases throughout Europe killed 10 to 20 percent of many towns’ populations with each new wave. An unpredictable, unstable economic climate contributed to famine and malnutrition. Large pits of sewage and mass graves were breeding grounds for disease, and most of the population neither bathed nor kept clean. Ill health and squalid conditions were not the only hardships with which the people of the late fifteenth century had to contend. Wars, riots, and crime also killed tens of thousands in Europe. Often, the leaders of each country were powerless to stop the deadly sweep of war and disease. At times, they were the ones to encourage it. During the years in which Columbus was traveling from court to court in search of someone to support his trip and his theories, the Inquisition was raging in Spain. The powerful leaders within Spain tortured, maimed, and killed those believed to be non-Christian. Jews and Muslims received the brunt of the attack. They were forced to give up their own religion in favor of Christianity, or face the penalty of torture, expulsion, or death. Nearly 150,000 Jews were expelled from the country, with most being shipped to Africa.” Background Information on Spain

21. In 1492,Christopher Columbus, financed by Spain, set sail with 3 ships, a crew, and Food. The Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria Columbus set sail for Asia by sailing west, but landed in …………

22. The Bahamas Columbus though he was in India, so he called the Natives “Indians” But he was actually here Columbus thought he was here!

23. The discovery of the “New World” made Spain the dominant world power. In all, Columbus made four trips to North America, but he always believed, until he died, that he had found India.

24. The rulers of Spain soon realized that Columbus had discovered a New World. They began to send Spanish explorers, called conquistadors (conquerors), to take control of their newly discovered lands.

25. However, France and England began to explore as well!! England France Spain

26. Why did Spain explore? To find a water route to Asia God- Spain wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity (Catholicism). Gold – to find gold and enhance their treasury Glory- acquire new lands to expand the Spanish empire Where did Spain settle? South and Central America Florida Georgia’s Barrier Islands When? 1500’s

27. Spanish Guns Horses Armor Attack Dogs Trained Army Diseases Psychological Advantage Natives Bow and Arrows No horses, armor, or dogs Not trained for war Low immunity to outside illness Thought the Spanish were Gods. VS

28. 1540 First European to explore Georgia. Hernando De Soto Outcomes: Never found gold and was killed on the expedition by a hostile native Responsible for starving and killing a large number of Native Americans. Brought diseases that killed many and ended the Mississippian culture Buried in the Mississippi River to hide his death from the Indians Introduced pigs to the southeast

29. .

30. In 1565, the Spanish moved their colonial capital to St. Augustine, on the Florida peninsula.From there, they began to set up missions on the Atlantic Coast in order to convert Natives to Catholicism.

31. Spanish missions were established throughout Georgia’s barrier islands: What is a Spanish Mission? The Mission Period lasted from 1568-1684 Spain established missions to convert natives to Catholicism. The last Spanish mission was attacked and destroyed in 1684. Missions on Georgia’s barrier islands…… -St. Catherine’s -Sapelo -St. Simon’s -Cumberland

32. Spanish Impact on Native Americans 1.Native Americans were often forced to accept European religion. (or die) 2.Thousands of Native Americans were enslaved and relocated to other Spanish colonies. 3.Millions of Native Americans were killed by Spanish weapons and diseases like smallpox. 4.Some tribes (ex., Careb & Arawok) became extinct. Desoto video Link

33. What do you remember about… Spanish exploration in Georgia??? 1.The Spanish explorer who led an expedition into Georgia in 1540 was 1.Because Spanish explorers were conquerors, they were called. 2.Spain claimed all of the New World and called it 3.In order to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism, Spain established. 4.On what barrier islands were the missions located? 5. The thing most responsible for the death of millions of Native Americans was. 6. Columbus called the Native Americans Indians because he believed he was in. Hernando DeSoto conquistadors La Florida Sapelo, St. Simmons, Cumberland disease India missions

34. Other nations, particularly England and France, were not willing to allow Spain alone to benefit from gains in the America.

35. The French Explorer, Verrazano, explored the North American coast in 1524, possibly reaching Georgia. In 1603, Samuel de Champlain founded a very profitable fur trade in North America. He called his settlement Quebec and claimed much of North America for France, calling it New France. In 1682, Sieur de La Salle claimed the Mississippi River region for France, establishing New Orleans and Mobile. France also desired gold, land and resources. French explorers sought wealth and power.

36. The French were unable to compete with the military might of Spain in the southeast. After the slaughter of the French at Fort Caroline in 1565, they largely avoided encounters with the Spanish. They continued to explore the new world but focused on Canada and along the Mississippi River.

37. France Why did France explore? To find gold, land, and resources Power and wealth Spread Christianity Fur trade Where did France settle? Louisiana (along the Mississippi) Canada Ohio River Valley When? Late 1600’s Last to explore North America

38. English Exploration

39. England was actually the SECOND European nation to explore the new world. In 1497, the English ignored Spain's claims to the New World and sent explorer John Cabot to North America. Cabot told of bountiful fish and massive forests, but his explorations were a failure after he was lost at sea. Cabot's ship, The Matthew

40. With limited money and distracted by " problems at home", the English would not return to the New World for over a hundred years. Spain continued to have the strongest hold on the New World.

41. England Why did England explore? Wished to find gold, land, and Resources Wanted to be powerful and wealthy Wanted to spread Christianity Where did England settle? North America (from Georgia to Maine) When? Explored in the 1500’s Settled 13 colonies from 1607 – 1732 Explored after the Spanish, but before the French

42. 1500’s1600’s 1492 1732 Columbus discovered the Americas Spain Explored and settled England Explored and Settled Georgia became a colony France explored and settled

43. Family Matters that turned the tide

44. . In the 1530's, English King Henry VIII forced the Catholic Church out of England and declared himself to be the leader of the Church of England (or the Anglican Church).

45. Meanwhile, devoted to the Pope, Spain considers it national and Christian duty to conquer England and force it to return to the Catholic Church. In 1588, the largest fleet in human history, the Spanish Armada, was launched in order to invade and conquer England.

46. In one of the great military failures in all of human history, the Spanish Armada was trapped in a ferocious sea storm and was destroyed, nearly in its entirety.

47. Spain never recovered from the failure.Though the Spanish Empire was still large, the defeat of the Spanish Armada was a death blow that would cause the Empire to crumble.

48. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada… 1600: England began establishing permanent settlements along the Atlantic Coast. This was partially fueled by the economic concept of Mercantilism. Mercantilism is the trade policy stating that England should export more than it imported. Before Mercantilism England had to buy Cotton Forest Products Tobacco Some food After Mercantilism Colonies would produce raw materials and ship them to England where the finished goods would be made

49. England, now ruled by Queen Elizabeth I, was in a position to take advantage of Spanish weakness and emerge as the new world power. By 1607, the first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown.

50. By the 1660s, England had established 12 colonies along the eastern coast of North America. In 1732, on the eve of the founding of Georgia, North America was divided between the claims of three nations. New France British Colonies La Florida

51. Problems in England 1.Who played the largest role in exploration? Spain 2.Why didn’t England play a larger role? John Cabot was lost at sea They had limited money Problems at home (Henry VIII) 3.What lead to Spain attempting to conquer Britain? Henry VIII declared himself the leader of the church of England, and Spain wanted it returned to the Catholic Church 4.What was the Spanish Armada? The largest fleet of ships in history launched by Spain to conquer England. 5.What was the outcome? Nearly the entire fleet was destroyed by a storm at sea and eventual caused the Spanish Empire to crumble 6.Under whose leadership did England emerge as the new world power? Queen Elizabeth I 7.How many colonies did England establish along the east coast of North America? 12 8.In 1732, what three nations claimed the lands of North America? Spain, France, and Britain

52. Lesson Two (SS8H1c) – The student will explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area. What do you remember about… European exploration in Georgia??? Which European nation colonized each area? A.Spain B.France C.England

53. Lesson Two (SS8H1c) – The student will explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area. What do you remember about… European exploration in Georgia??? Which European nation colonized each area? A. Spain B. France C. England B C A B