1. Chapter 20 The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

2. Timeline

4. The Enclosure Movement

5. “Enclosed” Lands Today

6. OTHER SIGNIFICANT REASONS Colonies (Sun never Set) Britain’s style of Government Homeland Security British Fleet Location, Location, Location Mineral Resources (many from colonies)

7. Metals, Textiles, & Canals

8. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

9. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry o Switching from the Domestic System to factories

11. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

12. Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves

13. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”

14. Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule

15. The Power Loom

16. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry o Switching from the Domestic System to factories o The Factory System -Putting production under one roof

17. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry The Steam engine New Machines/ Coal Early Coal Steam Pump Thomas Newcomen Pump

18. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry The Steam engine New Machines/Coal

19. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization Cotton Industry The Steam engine New Machines Coal James Watt (1736-1819)

20. A Boulton and Watt Steam Engine

21. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization oMore powerful than water is coal. oMore powerful than wood is iron. oInnovations make steel feasible. o“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” o“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. oBessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel. Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

22. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

23. 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners 185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914

24. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

25. 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners 185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914

26. Young Coal Miners

27. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

28. British Pig Iron Production

29. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization A Revolution in Transportation: Steam Ships – “Switch from Sail to Steam”

30. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization A Revolution in Transportation: Steam Ships Railroad Richard Trevithick’s locomotive George Stephenson’s Rocket

31. Railroad Line from Liverpool to Manchester THE ROCKET- 16 miles per hour

32. The Impact of the Railroad

33. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization The Industrial Factory Factory laborers-unskilled; only paid to run the machines Time-work discipline-

34. The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × 12-14 hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

35. A British Textile Factory

36. The Great Exhibition: Britain in 1851 Crystal Palace Covered 19 acres, 100,000 exhibits Great Exhibition Displayed Britain’s wealth Britain: “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”

37. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

38. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

39. The Pace of Industrialization on the Continent Obstacles to Rapid Industrialization Lack of a transportation system Upheavals of war Traditional habits of business Lack of technical education Spurs to Industrialization Borrowing of techniques and practices Government support Joint-stock investment banks

40. The Spread of Industrialization Centers of Continental Industrialization Cotton manufacturing Belgium France Germany Impact of the steam engine Iron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France The Industrial Revolution in the United States Borrowing from Britain Samuel Slater Transportation network Labor

41. Map 20.2: The Industrialization of Europe by 1850

42. Working Conditions

43. Rise of the new business aristocracy

44. 19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

45. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

46. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

48. Industrial Staffordshire

49. Problems of Pollution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

50. The New Industrial City

51. Worker Housing in Manchester

52. Factory Workers at Home

53. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

54. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

55. Efforts at Change: The Workers Robert Owen (1771-1858), Utopian Socialism Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) Use of drainage Piped water Trade unionism Luddites The People’s Charter

56. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

57. The Luddites

58. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842

59. The “Peoples’ Charter” V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. × Votes for all men. × Equal electoral districts. × Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. × Payment for Members of Parliament. × Annual general elections. × The secret ballot.

61. Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government Factory acts, 1802-1819 Factory Act of 1833 Coal Mines Act, 1842

62. Government Response oAbolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. oSadler Commission to look into working conditions oFactory Act [1833] – child labor. oNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. oPoor houses. oReform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

63. The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Population Growth Decline of the death rate The Great Hunger Irish population growth Reliance on the potato Potato crop fails, 1845-1851 Emigration The Growth of Cities Rapid, unplanned, growth Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution Cities and suburbs Sanitary conditions Crowding Adulteration of food Urban Reformers Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) Use of drainage Piped water