1. A105 Stars and Galaxies  This week’s units: 66,67,68  News Quiz Today  NovaSearch II homework due Thursday  2nd Exam on Thursday, Nov. 2 Today’s APODAPOD

2. Announcements… Solar Lab at 11 AM TODAY Kirkwood Obs. open Weds night 8-10 PM Rooftop session Thurs @ 9 All WEATHER PERMITTING

3. Review – Compact objects form from the death of stars Massive Stars Iron collapse Neutron Stars and Black Holes Low Mass Stars Red Dwarfs Sun-like Stars  White Dwarfs

4. Helix Nebula A Planetary Nebula About 650 LY distant About 3 LY across A cylinder of gas expelled from the central star We are looking DOWN the cylinder Probably looks more like the “Retina Nebula” from the side Retina Nebula 3 light years

5. Planetary Nebulae!

6. Compact Objects White Dwarfs Formed from the cores of stars less than 8 times the mass of the Sun up to 1.4 solar masses made of compressed He, C-O, or Fe about the size of the Earth One cc would weigh about 3 tons Neutron Stars Formed in supernova explosions from 1.4 to about 3 solar masses Made of pure neutrons – a giant atomic nucleus About 10 km in radius One cc would weigh about a million tons Black Holes Formed in Supernova explosions Usually a few times the mass of the Sun A solar mass black hole is about 3 km in diameter Density is infinite

7. White Dwarfs mass similar to the Sun’s diameter about that of the Earth high surface temperature (typically 25,000 K) but very dim (small size!) no fuel to burn residual heat inside mainly carbon and oxygen thin H or He surface layer initially hot (150,000K) >gradually cool > finally, a black dwarf

8. Famous White Dwarfs Sirius B –about 9 LY –orbits Sirius A every 50 years Procyon B –about 11 LY –orbits Procyon A every 42 years 40 Eridani B –16 light years –orbits 40 Eri B (home system of Vulcans…!)

9. White Dwarfs composition depends on mass of progenitor helium carbon carbon-oxygen oxygen-neon-magnesium radius inversely proportional to mass solar mass white dwarf the size of Earth 1.38 solar mass WD is much smaller Density much greater than Earth Earth = 5.5 grams/cc WD = tons/cc remnants of low mass stars 0.1-1.4 solar masses

10. White Dwarf Structure White dwarfs are in hydrostatic equilibrium –Gravity is balanced by the quantum electron pressure –Quantum pressure allows the white dwarfs to shrink with increasing mass A white dwarf’s high density (10 6 g/cm 3 ) implies that nuclei are separated by distances less than the normal radius of an electron orbit

11. White Dwarfs Are Weird Quantum electron pressure and the Chandrasekhar Limit –when a quantum gas is compressed, it heats up, but this temperature increase does not increase the pressure quantum gases are less “springy” –Adding mass to a white dwarf makes it shrink the white dwarf will collapse when enough mass is added maximum mass for collapse is called the Chandrasekhar Limit and has a value of 1.4 M  NO white dwarfs have masses above 1.4 solar masses

12. WDs Can Become Supernovae Type I supernova from exploding white dwarfs Novae may finally become supernovae Mass of white dwarf continues to grow Eventually the mass becomes to great to support Carbon white dwarf collapses Carbon nuclear reactions ignite, blow the white dwarf apart

13. Type I Supernovae Are Important Type I’s produce most of the iron in the universe Type I’s are very bright (can be seen from a long distance) Because Type I’s arise in a uniform way, they are “standard candles” Type I’s are used to study the large scale structure of the universe

14. White dwarfs can also become novae Main Ideas Novae are white dwarfs in binaries Mass is transferred to white dwarf Mass builds up Ignites nuclear fusion Surface of white dwarf explodes

15. Nova in Aquila, 1999

16. NovasearchNovasearch: Update

17. The Light Curve of Recurrent Nova T Pyxidis over 80 years Data from AAVSO International Database Credits: M. Shara, R. Williams, (STScI), R. Gilmozzi (ESO), NASASTScIESONASA

18. Compact Objects White Dwarfs Formed from the cores of stars less than 8 times the mass of the Sun up to 1.4 solar masses made of compressed He, C, or Fe about the size of the Earth One cc would weigh about 3 tons Neutron Stars Formed in supernova explosions from 1.4 to about 3 solar masses Made of pure neutrons – a giant atomic nucleus About 20 km in diameter One cc would weigh about a million tons Black Holes Formed in Supernova explosions Usually a few times the mass of the Sun A solar mass black hole is about 3 km in diameter Density is infinite

19. Discovery First detected by Jocelyn Bell in 1967 –graduate student in England an odd radio signal with a rapid pulse rate of one burst per 1.33 seconds more pulsating radio sources were discovered and eventually were named pulsars No clue what they were! When pulsars were first discovered, it thought they might be evidence of other intelligent life in the Galaxy Crab B1937 J0437PSR0950Vela B0329

20. Rotating neutron stars An object as big as the Sun with a one- month rotation period will rotate more than 1000 times a second if squeezed down to the size of a neutron star –This happens when a massive star’s iron core collapses –magnetic field beams radiation energy in opposite directions –Spinning beams make the pulsar pulse What Are Pulsars??

21. Lighthouse Model Pulsars emit beams of radio light. As the pulsar rotates, the beams sweep across the sky. When the beam "sweeps" over Earth, we detect the radiation, as a ‘pulse.’

22. But What IS a Neutron Star? Dense ball of collapsed matter Atoms so compressed that electrons and protons are forced together to become neutrons Basically, a giant atomic nucleus Neutron stars have three layers: –a millimeter thick atmosphere, –an iron crust of a few hundred meters –a superfluid neutron core with (having virtually no friction or magnetic fields) The core and crust spin independently

23. The Crab Nebula Pulsar only 1000 years old! still inside its supernova remnant emits a pulsar wind and jets produces visible pulses – only young pulsars have enough energy to do this 20-km in diameter and is spinning at 33 rpm

24. Geminga The closest known pulsar to Earth About 500 light years away About 12 miles in diameter “Tails” from a shock wave as Geminga plows through the interstellar medium Name: Gemini gamma ray source In Italian, “Gh’ e minga” means “it’s not there” Detected 30 years ago as a gamma ray source (2nd brightest) Not detected in visible light until 1993

25. Formation of Neutron Binaries More massive star evolves first to a neutron star Less massive star grows larger as it evolves Mass begins to transfer from the less massive star to the more massive star Accretion disk forms Material falling onto the neutron star emits X-rays

26. Neutron Binary Stars –Intense X-rays from neutron stars in binary systems There are several types of X-ray binaries X-ray bursters from gas falling on the neutron star X-ray pulsars from hot-spots on the neutron star infalling gas can “spin up” an old neutron star

27. Black Widow Pulsar Rotates 625 times per second Weak magnetic field About 10 miles in diameter Very old BUT spun up by accreting matter from a binary companion Binary companion slowly being blown apart

28.  Read Units 66, 67, 68  NovaSearch II Homework Due THURS.