1. GALE: The GRAPPLE Adaptive Learning Environment Paul De Bra Eindhoven University of Technology January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 1

2. January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 2

3. January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 3

4. Main GALE Functionality Concept access  1.user model updates 2.determine adaptive layout 3.retrieve and adapt a “page” (xml file) conditional inclusion of fragments/objects adapt destination+presentation of links 4.generate additional parts: header, footer, accordion menu, … January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 4

5. January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 5

6. January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 6

7. Creating Adaptive Courses Creating conceptual adaptation models – using authoring tools – understanding prerequisites Creating content (pages) for GALE – using templates and layout definitions – user model operations within pages Setting up the GRAPPLE infrastructure – combining an LMS with GALE – exchanging user model information January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 7

8. Authoring Pages Separately January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 8

9. Template-Based Authoring January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 9

10. The GALE course model A course consists of concepts and relationships A concept has – properties: value given by the author – attributes: value determined by adaptation rules; properties, includes data type, persistence, … event code: what to do when the value changes – a resource (selector): a URL or an expression to determine a URL – event code: what to do when the concept is accessed January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 10

11. GALE Code An author need not use any GALE code (adaptation rules and expressions) An author can use GALE code to make a course more adaptive (than without code) – conditions for inclusion of fragments – insert value of a property or attribute in the page – complex stuff like generate lists of links January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 11

12. Conditional Inclusion of Fragments Example from the course “hypermedia structures and systems” taught at the TU/e: – Before reading about Xanadu the URL page shows: … In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system, developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from 1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing. … – After reading about Xanadu this becomes: … In Xanadu there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing. … January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 12

13. Conditional Inclusion of Fragments Use the GALE,, tags Write a GALE expression … In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system, developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from 1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that part could be missing. … January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 13

14. GALE Shorthand Code URI syntax, # for attributes, ? for properties ${…} for expressions, #{…} for assignments – ${#suitability} – ${#image?title} – ${->(parent)?type} – #{->(parent)#visited, ${->(parent)#visited}+1}; – "page".equals(${->(parent)?type}) – #{gale://gale.tue.nl/personal#history, gale.conceptUri()}; January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 14

15. Including Course/User Info January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 15

16. Including Course/User Info Show the user’s name: Include info generated by a plug-in: Show title of current concept: Include the image with URL from “image” property: January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 16

17. Complex Page Constructs We consider one example: generting a list of links: January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 17

18. Complex Page Constructs The tag generates bits of xhtml from a list of objects: January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 18

19. Link Adaptation in GALE Standard schema: – links are good, neutral or bad; – link classes are used by a CSS stylesheet to create the presentation color scheme Implementation: – default: gale://gale.tue.nl/config/link#classexpr – #link.classepr attribute of the current concept – (${#suitability}?(${#visited}>0?\"neutral\":\"good\"):\"bad\") Icons can be configured as well January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 19

20. Adaptive Link Destinations Several pages for one concept – create several resources; – define an expression for each resource Url: gale:/tutorial/readme.xhtml Property (name): expr Value: ${#visited}==1 Url: gale:/tutorial/welcome.xhtml Property (name): expr Value: true  (${#visited)==1 ? ”gale:/tutorial/readme.xhtml” : "gale:/tutorial/welcome.xhtml") January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 20

21. Adaptive Layout in GALE A course has a layout with different frames or “cells” (header, menu, footer, page) Default layout is defined in gale://gale.tue.nl/config/presentation#layout Next suggested concept to study: January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 21

22. “Complex” Layout Example The “hypermedia” course has adaptive layout: (escaping not done to make it easier to read) (${gale://wwwis.win.tue.nl/2ID65/introductorypart#done} ? ("page".equals(${?type}) ? “ ” : “” ) : “” ) If introductorypart is done then there is a non- trivial layout for pages, else there is no layout. January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 22

23. Extensibility in GALE Add modules to handle different XML tags Add processors to handle different formats (other than XML) Create your own views Add plug-ins (generate fragments or pages) Change code language (expression syntax) Add login managers Add more Domain services (compile from other formats besides CAM) January 24, 2011 GRAPPLE Public Event Slide 23